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[1]:70. In addition to executive authority, Putin also holds judicial and legislative power, which enables him to change the law to fit his agenda. Cinhil Aymeric Nygel Haldane, 22nd king of Gwynedd who shortly reigned in 1025. President Obiang gained power in 1979 after ousting his uncle, Francisco Macas Nguema, and sentencing him to death by firing squad. Even in today's modern world, where freedom is prized and respected, you will still find examples of dictatorship governments around the globe. 3. [98], One of the tasks in political science is to measure and classify regimes as either democracies or dictatorship (authoritarian) countries. Fidel Castro was one of the most iconic latin american dictators, who lived in the 20th century. Latin American Dictators - Leaders in Complete Control - ThoughtCo [54][55] The concept of "dictator" was first developed during the Roman Republic. [6], The opposition to a dictatorship represents all of the factions that are not part of the dictatorship and anyone that does not support the regime. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. [34] When a one-party dictatorship develops gradually through legal means, in can result in conflict between the party organization and the state apparatus and civil service, as the party rules in parallel and increasingly appoints its own members to positions of power. [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. dictatorship country - Alex Becker Marketing Secondly, while the term "dictatorship" is widely understood to include inherent abuse of powerthere is arguably no such thing as a benevolent dictatorhistory offers several examples of autocrats who tried to do what was best for their people. [57] The rule of a dictator was not necessarily considered tyrannical in Ancient Rome, though it has been described in some accounts as a "temporary tyranny" or an "elective tyranny". Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. [126] In particular, censorship by dictatorships helps solidify claims of legitimacy and marginalize the voices of opposition critics. China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. The table below offers a full list of which countries are what type of democracy. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. [107] The development of the internet and digital communication in the 21st century have prompted dictatorships to shift from traditional means of control to digital ones, including the use of artificial intelligence to analyze mass communications, internet censorship to restrict the flow of information, and troll farms to manipulate public opinion. However, a political rights score of 6 or 7 corresponds most closely with our definition of dictatorship, based on Freedom House's characterization: 6 Countries and territories with a rating of 6 have very restricted political rights. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. Elites in personalist dictatorships often do not have a professional political career and are unqualified for positions they are given. Many are noted for their cruelty, while others are honored as national heroes. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. If this institution can be effectively controlled by the dictator, it can become avaluable instruments of control over the population. This is understandable, as the terms are very similar. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. Examples of Fascism. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. Current dictatorships include Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, and North Korea. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. North Korea is one of the clearest examples of a totalitarian government. His wealth is estimated to be approximately $600 million. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index is seen as an example of the minimalist approach, whereas the Polity data series is more substantive. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. Is North Korea a dictatorship? [91], The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, splitting the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek and the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. List Of Communist Countries Today - WorldAtlas As of early 2022, the countries of Afghanistan, Eritrea, North Korea, and Turkmenistan are the only nations in the world whose governments are generally considered to be totalitarian dictatorships. [15] If the dictator has not seized power through a political party, then a party may be formed as a mechanism to reward supporters and to concentrate power in the hands of political allies instead of militant allies. W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. [8]:456, The second distinction made is whether the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America [145] Dictatorships may hold semi-competitive elections to qualify for foreign aid, to demonstrate a dictator's control over the government, or to incentivize the party to expand its information-gathering capacity, particularly at the local level. Through the ages, Algeria, officially People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the Western Bloc. 2. The Five Kinds of Dictatorship 1. [42] Within a personalist regime an issue called "The dictators dilemma" arises. Here are fifteen of the worst dictators from the 20 th century and what makes them stand out for censure. [27] One-party rule also developed in several countries in Africa during decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s, some of which produced authoritarian regimes. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. This is a list of countries, nations, and states governed or ruled by a dictatorship, is sorted alphabetically and contains some information about each nation, such as the capital, and even the official language or currency of the country. [8]:465 Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. During the first half of the 20th century, dictatorships took control of a number of technologically advanced countries. Organized opposition is a threat to the stability of a dictatorship, as it seeks to undermine public support for the dictator and calls for regime change. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. List of 19 Main Pros and Cons of Dictatorships - ConnectUS [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. Obiang's regime is known for state-sanctioned kidnappings, torture of prisoners, and unlawful killings. His economic plans have been praised by leaders like Kemal Pasha. [1], The dictator exercises broad power over the government and society, but other individuals are necessary to carry out the dictator's rule. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. The Modern World's Dictatorship Countries African Dictators A Global View of Dictators Is China a dictatorship? Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. In the latter half of the 20th century, Latin America witnessed a rise in authoritarian regimes across the expanse of the regionoften with multiple dictators following different political . [8]:457, The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. [134] Revolution takes place when the opposition group grows large enough that elites in the regime cannot suppress it or choose not to. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. They differ from other forms of dictatorships in that the dictator has greater access to key political positions and the government's treasury, and they are more commonly subject to the discretion of the dictator. and "Which country has a dictatorship as its form of leadership?" [148], Terrorism is less common in dictatorships. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. The 21 most authoritarian regimes in the world There are currently 22 dictators in Africa, some worse than others. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. African Dictators [7] The opposition can be an external group, or it can also include current and former members of the dictator's inner circle. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. The first distinction made is whether a country has a government has legislative responsibility, i.e. In some circumstances, monarchies are also considered dictatorships if the monarchs hold a significant amount of political power. [13] After power is seized, the group must determine what positions its members will hold in the new government and how this government will operate, sometimes resulting in disagreements that split the group. Dictatorships in the Middle East and Northern Africa are either illiberal republics in which a president holds power through unfair elections, or they are absolute monarchies in which power is inherited. [18], A classification of dictatorships, which began with political scientist Barbara Geddes in 1999, focuses on where power lies. A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single personthe dictatoror party has absolute power. The Portuguese were present in some mostly coastal points of the territory of what is now Angola from the 16th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples who lived there. With a total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, 90% of which is desert, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Arab world and Africa and on the Mediterranean. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. [116] Dictatorships in the Middle East are primarily guided by Islamic nationalism. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. A Roman dictator was a special magistrate that was temporarily appointed by the consul during times of crisis and granted total executive authority. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. Too Much Power. [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology. 1. Francois Duvalier (1907 - 1971) The Haitian dictator, also known as Papa Doc, governed the Americas' poorest country from 1957 to he died in 1971. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. The terms "autocrat" and "autocracy" are often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "dictatorship". The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Samantha Menzies 22 February 2016, 7:39 pm The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Capitalism is thriving in many parts of the world, with the list. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. 15 worst dictators of 20th century and their horrific massacres Elites are also the primary political threats of a dictator, as they can leverage their power to influence or overthrow the dictatorship. Many dictatorships are also characterized by corruption, nepotism, and a cult of personality around the leader. Coercive distribution comprises of distributing welfare and state resources to control citizens and elites. 5. [147] The use of violence by a dictator is frequently most severe during the first few years of a dictatorship, because the regime has not yet solidified its rule and more detailed information for targeted coercion is not yet available. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. When the war ended, these countries were incorporated into the Soviet sphere of influence, and the Soviet Union exercised control over their governments. [9], Gugiu & Centellas developed the Democracy Cluster Classification Index that integrates five democracy indicators (including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.[2]. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. Military dictatorship | Military Wiki | Fandom Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine are the only democratic nations in the region, with Israel being the only nation in this region that affords broad political liberties to its citizens. "[6], For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]:69[3], Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. The People's Republic of China is currently ruled by President Xi Jinping, who also serves as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the country's Vice President, the President of the Central Party School, and the 1st ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee. The role of dictator was created for instances when a single leader was needed to command and restore stability. Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. [123] The form of government does not correlate with the amount of economic growth, and dictatorships on average grow at the same rate as democracies, though dictatorships have been found to have larger fluctuations. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. United Arab Emirates 2.69/10. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. Dictatorship - Wikipedia The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by Sulla after his crushing of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by Julius Caesar. While Latin America, Asia, and Africa were already dictatorship countries, they differed from the dictatorships formed in what became known as the Eastern Bloc. Socialism Requires a Dictator - Foundation for Economic Education [142] Dictatorships may influence the results of an election through electoral fraud, intimidation or bribing of candidates and voters, use of state resources such as media control, manipulation of electoral laws, restricting who may run as a candidate, or disenfranchising demographics that may oppose the dictatorship. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. [31], Personalist dictatorships are regimes in which all power lies in the hands of a single individual. Some have been in power for decades, such as President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial New Guinea. This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history. This is thanks to an oil boom that enriched his family at the expense of the Equatorial Guinea citizens. The 20th century saw the rise of fascist and communist dictatorships in Europe; fascism was eradicated in the aftermath of World War II in 1945, while communism spread to other continents, maintaining prominence until the end of the Cold War in 1991. [9] Political philosopher Hannah Arendt describes totalitarianism as a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of "atomized, isolated individuals" in which ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be organized. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. These dictators may view themselves as impartial in their oversight of a country due to their nonpartisan status, and they may view themselves as "guardians of the state". The name a democracy gives itself or its office does not indicate what type of democracy it is. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian . There's no room for opposition or . In the former, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof. Binary measure of democracy and dictatorship, Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules, Comparison with other democracy-measuring data sets, Studies in Comparative International Development, "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense", Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub, and Limongi: Democracy and development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy-Dictatorship_Index&oldid=1141715357, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. In the 19th century, settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in. [4] A unified inner circle has the capacity to overthrow a dictator, and the dictator must make greater concessions to the inner circle to stay in power. [97], The Middle East was decolonized during the Cold War, and many nationalist movements gained strength post-independence. This does not indicate cases of semi-democracy or semi-dictatorship. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the regime is a democracy or a dictatorship, so DD Index considers them dictatorships until an alternation in power occurs. In their book "Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders", authors Natasha M. Ezrow and Erica Frantz lay out five types of dictatorships: Power is obtained and maintained through military might. [52], Dictatorship is historically associated with the Ancient Greek concept of tyranny, and several ancient Greek rulers have been described as "tyrants" that are comparable to modern dictators. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . Key dictators from 20th century Latin America Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD),[1] index of democracy and dictatorship[2] or simply the DD index[3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. These movements supported pan-Arab Nasserism during most of the Cold War, but they were largely replaced by Islamic nationalism by the 1980s. [89] Military coups were also a common occurrence after decolonisation, with 14 African countries experiencing at least three successful military coups between 1959 and 2001. 31 Synonyms & Antonyms of DICTATORSHIP - Merriam-Webster [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. Democracy - Our World in Data Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence. [23] Military coups do not necessarily result in military dictatorships, as power may then be passed to an individual or the military may allow democratic elections to take place. Which countries have military dictatorship? - Studybuff This list details eight of the world's current dictators and the poverty rates associated with each country. Indeed, the 20th century, which witnessed the careers of Atatrk, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Francisco Franco, Mao Tse-tung, Juan Pern, Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Kwame Nkrumah, and Charles de Gaulle, could appear in history as the age of plebiscitary dictatorship. [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. [108], Dictatorship in Europe largely ended after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the liberalization of most communist states. Miguel Daz-Canel, the son of Ral Castro who replaced him as president of Cuba, has kept the dictatorship structure in place that was established by Fidel Castro during the Cuban revolution. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people. Mao established the People's Republic of China as a one-party communist state under his governing ideology of Maoism. A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. [128]. Many countries today are still under a dictatorship, including: Cambodia China North Korea Russia And many more! [8]:455 Sometimes sitting governments will attach a vote of no confidence clause to a piece of legislation they want passed, effectively tying the survival of the government on the piece of legislation. List of Cons of Dictatorships. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. Most of them are characterized by a single leader with either no party or one that is weak. [148], Institutions that coerce the opposition through the use of violence may serve different roles or they may be used to counterbalance one another in order to prevent one institution from becoming too powerful. Epidemic of First World War After the first world war, countries got disturbed to conduct democratic governments and managements. Therefore, the entire country operates on the whims of that one person. [82], Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party created a second fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933,[83] obtaining absolute power through a combination of electoral victory, violence, and emergency powers. Below are 10 African country that are still under dictatorship. 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Sweden 4 New Zealand 5 Denmark =6 Canada =6 Ireland 8 Australia =9 Switzerland =9 Finland [1]:68 The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008. For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. The worst communist dictators and the things they've done - thevintagenews 10 Absolute Worst African Dictators - Afrikanza [81] These reforms incorporated totalitarianism, fealty to the state, expansionism, corporatism, and anti-communism. The Deadliest Dictator Regimes In History - WorldAtlas The Freedom in the World report evaluates the state of freedom in 195 countries and 14 territories, assigning a score between 0 and 4 in a series of 25 indicators to give a final score of 100. A totalitarian government has "total control of mass communications and social and economic organizations". Modern Dictatorship Countries. (2010), Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland developed a six-fold regime classification scheme, resulting what the authors called as the DD datasets. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. Democracy-Dictatorship Index - Wikipedia Military dictatorship - McGill University