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Label the boxes in Figure 1 with the letters a-e, which correspond to the terms listed below. 10. Note to Teachers: Students may also have general transcription factors and mediators in their model. The known Pel enhancer maps upstream of the stickleback Pitx1 gene (Chan et al., 2010), and although a mammalian Pel ortholog cannot be identified by sequence alignment, it is possible that a functionally conserved Pel enhancer also resides in the same upstream region in mammals. Oct 5;91(4):629-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.014. A number of interactive questions are embedded within the short film The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, which illustrates how mutations in gene regulatory regions can result in the evolution of major anatomical features.. Stickleback Chan et al. 7.a. The PITX1 protein is also found in the developing pituitary gland, which is a hormone-producing gland located at the base of the brain, and in an embryonic structure called the branchial arch. Learning Scientific Language with a Graphic Organizer. Mutations in regulatory switches affect expression of a particular gene in a particular tissue without The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Corn_Genetics_Chi_Square_Analysis : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Dihybrid_Crosses_in_Guinea_Pigs : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", DNA_Coloring : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "DNA_Coloring__Transcription_&_Translation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "DNA_Extraction_\u2013_Strawberry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", DNA_Mutation_Activity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetics_of_Chicken_Combs : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetics_of_Wisconsin_Fast_Plants : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Genetics_Practice_Problems_-_Easy_Mode" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetic_Crosses_That_Involve_2_Traits : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "How_Can_DNA_Replication_Be_Modeled?" a. Protein-coding region b. 2023 Feb 28;12:e82824. Now, in a normal school year, we have students construct a series of physical . PDF Stalking the Genetic Basis of a Trait Educator Materials Development. This animation shows how changes in the regulatory switch regions of the Pitx1 gene lead to morphological differences in stickleback fish. Chan D, Mennen U, Klopocki E, Mundlos S. Homeotic arm-to-leg transformation Investigation: Regulatory Switches of the PITX1 Gene in Stickleback IST-1.K, IST-1.N, IST-2.D, IST-2.A, IST-2.B, IST-2.C, IST-2.E; SP2, SP3, Teaching Gene Regulation Using Corn and Stickleback Fish, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, Schooling Behavior of Stickleback Fish from Different Habitats, Using Genetic Crosses to Analyze a Stickleback Trait, Icefish Blood Adaptations: Antifreeze Proteins, Simulating Evolution of a Rock Pocket Mouse Population, Beaks As Tools: Selective Advantage in Changing Environments, The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation. Leveraging massively parallel reporter assays for evolutionary questions. Three threespine sticklebacks, each about 2 1/2 inches long, that were captured from an Alaskan lake in 2010 as part of a three-decade study of their evolution from sea-faring fish to freshwater fish. DNA polymerase mediators RNA polymerase, Which protein(s) from the list above bind(s) to regulatory switches in a sequence-specific manner? Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Stickleback fish provide genetic road map for rapid evolution Th . Describe the difference between an operator and an enhancer. For example, in the cells that develop into the pelvis there is a specific activator (activator 2) that binds to the pelvic switch to transcribe Pitx1 in that tissue. Explain the role of each of the following, using the image to help you. How Can Gene Editing Eliminate Lyme Disease? Description. eye ______ pituitary ______. { "Activity:_Construct_a_DNA_Model" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Analyzing_Human_Pedigrees : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_How_Do_Genes_Determine_Skin_Color?" Stimuli and Receptors 1_10_2022.pdf - Course Hero Mediators are labeled and clearly represented. Some students may be tempted to draw a heart Pitx1 is necessary for normal initiation of hindlimb Make sure that students have placed an X over the pituitary switch in all four tissues. May;126(9):1805-10. doi: 10.1242/dev.126.9.1805. Shannan Muskopf December 7, 2020. fish have marine Pitx1 DNA with all three switches. 0 Use the information from the film and your knowledge of eukaryotic gene transcription to answer questions 1-6. As you saw in the film, the presence or absence of pelvic spines in the stickleback fish is controlled by whether the Pitx1 gene is expressed in the pelvic tissue. 11. Both Polygenic adaptation from standing genetic variation allows rapid MedlinePlus also links to health information from non-government Web sites. Whole-genome comparisons identify repeated regulatory changes underlying convergent appendage evolution in diverse fish lineages. The drawings in the surrounding boxes show the Pitx1 gene region and activator proteins present in the jaw, pelvis, eye, or pituitary tissues. with limb enhancers and is enriched on hindlimb cis-regulatory elements. You could not without help going past book deposit or library or borrowing from your friends to door them. IB (20 16 Standards) 2, 3, 5, 7. Please see the Terms of Use for information on how this resource can be used. %%EOF Among these are simple sequence repeats . The activator or repressor protein acts like the hand that flips the switch, but it can only turn the switch on or off if it can bind to the specific DNA sequence. Based on what you have learned so far about threespine stickleback fish, which of the following statements is most accurate: The stickleback population in Bear Paw Lake is more similar to marine and sea-run stickleback populations in terms of pelvic morphology than it is to the Frog Lake stickleback population. HHMI BioInteractive. (Photo courtesy of Michael Bell) Marine Stickleback Pelvis Transcription is ON Use the information from the film and your knowledge of eukaryotic gene transcription to answer questions 5-9. Transcription factors specifically bind to the promoter to activate transcription. %PDF-1.5 % Also, stickleback fish populations occur throughout the Northern Hemisphere in a wide range of environments, so researchers can compare different . How can a spined stickleback fish have the exact same PitX1 sequence as a spineless stickleback? Paired-like Homeodomain Transcription Factor 1; Pitx1 Figure 1 is a diagram, similar to the one shown in the film (8:00-8:34), showing key components of gene transcription. This animation is a clip from a 2005 Holiday Lecture Series, Evolution: Constant Change and Common Threads. Student answers will vary. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Modeling_Independent_Assortment_and_Dihybrid_Crosses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:__Regulatory_Switches_of_the_PITX1_Gene_in_Stickleback_Fish" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Karyotype_of_Tasmanian_Devil_Chromosomes : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Meiosis_Worksheet : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Practice_Problems:_Genetics_and_Blood_Types" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Teddy_Graham_Lab : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Variations_on_a_Human_Face : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "What_is_a_Map_Unit_Anyway?" mutation will be the same in all tissues because it is an inherited mutation. 3. xxtyZe4RR6OrF%'U/b_[?"j9;`{k{`;eG;cgK6bcMX)l-X;~k7,l|9;ia3i7X&%iXR They explore how changes in Pitx1 gene expression can affect body development, and learn how those changes, with the appropriate selective pressure, play a role in the evolution of a population. example of a well-studied gene called Pitx1. Check all that would apply. Alvarado DM, McCall K, Aferol H, Silva MJ, Garbow JR, Spees WM, Patel T, Spine development is controlled by the expression of a gene known as Pitx1. Y 6. The large grey rectangle represents the protein-coding region of the Pitx1 The smaller rectangles to the left (b and c) are regulatory switches (networks of regulatory genes); each one . repressors, general transcription factors, mediators, promoters, RNA polymerase, phenotype, evolution, Based on the information from the film, what is the difference in the DNA around the Pitx1 gene region between AP (20122013 Standards) 1.A, 1.A, 1.A, 1.C, 2.D, 2.E, 3.A, 3.A, 3.B, 3.C, Figure 1 is a diagram, similar to the one shown in the film (8:00-8:34), showing key components of gene transcription. 4 white pipe cleaners, 12-18 inches long (or 18-inch white twine), Magic markers (blue, green, red, yellow, purple). o General transcription factors (optional, blue) The activator or repressor protein acts like the hand that flips the switch, but it can only turn the switch on or off if it can bind to the specific DNA sequence. Polygenic adaptation from standing genetic variation allows rapid ecotype formation. PAIRED-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1. check mark next to the tissue(s) that will express L3C]jX;L+nq:Tb67!d PITX1 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics Make four models of Pitx1 DNA. Any items that can represent proteins. Use the information from the film and your knowledge of eukaryotic gene transcription to answer questions 5-9. Lanctot C, Moreau A, Chamberland M, Tremblay ML, Drouin J. Hindlimb patterning Diseases associated with PITX1 include Clubfoot, Congenital, With Or Without Deficiency Of Long Bones And/Or Mirror-Image Polydactyly and Liebenberg Syndrome.Among its related pathways are Beta-2 adrenergic-dependent CFTR expression.Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include DNA-binding transcription factor activity . Make sure that students show or designate an absence of the pelvic switch and that there are no Cross), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Give Me Liberty! (* There are some notable exceptions: Regulatory switches (or enhancers) Alleles of Pitx1 from pelvic-complete (FRIL, LITC) and pelvic-reduced populations (PAXB) were combined, MeSH 2006 Nov 1;299(1):22-34. doi: . The Pitx1 protein has many important functions in various tissues during stickleback development. List all the tissues shown in Figure 2 that express the Pitx1 gene. The mutations that cause Liebenberg syndrome likely relocate enhancers that promote the activity of genes involved in upper limb development to be near the PITX1 gene. Modeling PITX1 Transcription Regulation in Stickleback Fish. DeLaurier A, Schweitzer R, Logan M. Pitx1 determines the morphology of muscle, As a result, the PITX1 gene is abnormally active during arm and hand development. Ling L, Mhling B, Jaenichen R, Gompel N. Sci Adv. Use the information from the film and your knowledge of eukaryotic gene transcription to answer questions 5-9. In multicellular eukaryotes, gene regulation is also important in building bodies. include: Carroll S., Prudhomme B., and Gompel N. (2008). Possible answers could Interpret visual representations of eukaryotic gene transcription. How is Pitx1 expressed in different tissues? For example, the classic "Modeling the Regulatory Switches of the Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish" activity is a perennial favorite of AP Biology teachers everywhere when they teach gene regulation. Two models will represent the Pitx1 gene region of the marine stickleback. Dev Biol. Expert Answer. Label the boxes in Figure 1 with the letters a-e, which correspond to the terms listed below. Activator molecules with specific shading can bind to switches with the same shading. In the space provided below, draw what the Pitx1 gene region looks like in the heart tissue of that freshwater stickleback. 7. Variations in the Clam Species Clamys sweetus Marine Stickleback Jaw Transcription is ON. The gene responsible for loss of the pelvis in the ninespine stickleback is on chromosome 4, but in the threespine stickleback, the pelvic-loss gene is named Pitx1 and is located on chromosome 7. Alternatively, mutations may remove repressors that normally turn off the PITX1 gene during upper limb development. What is transcription? { "African_Elephant_-_Change_Over_Time" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Applying_Hardy-Weinberg_to_Rock_Pocket_Mouse_Field_Data" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_How_Can_Evolution_Explain_the_Frequency_of_White-Striped_Clovers?" Figure 1 is a diagram, similar to the one shown in the film (8:00-8:24), showing key components of gene transcription. Students should be familiar with basic genetics and the central dogma. hbbd```b``1m zf/ I`r=ddH60 jaw ______ pelvis ______ DNA from jaw, pelvic, eye, and pituitary tissues. Dorsal spine and anal spine lengths map to chromosome 4. Depending : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Earthworm" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Gene_Switches_in_Stickleback_Fish" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Phylogenetic_Trees" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation_-_Proteins_Sequences:_Are_Bats_Birds?" Sample student drawing: Most marine stickleback fish have a pelvis with a protective spine, but stickleback fish from certain freshwater populations have a missing or reduced pelvis. 8600 Rockville Pike 8. J, Lohan S, Dathe K, Nardone AM, Ferrari P, Landi A, Wittler L, Timmermann B, Investigation: Regulatory Switches in Stickleback - Google Docs This lesson is designed for high school biology (general bio and especially AP/IB) and introductory college In both eukaryotic and bacterial systems a protein, either an activator or repressor, binds to a region of the DNA called an operator in prokaryotes and a regulatory switch or enhancer in eukaryotes. If a fish does not produce activator 1 proteins because of a mutation in the gene that encodes those proteins, Pitx1 will be Construct models to represent the regulation of gene transcription. (The researchers had ruled out the possibility that the Pitx1 gene jumped to chromosome 4 in the ninespine stickleback.) below, draw what the Pitx1 gene region looks like in the heart tissue of that freshwater stickleback. Contrast how mutations in regulatory switches differ from mutations in coding regions of genes. Am J Hum Genet. Sample Models: Habitat and distribution The three-spined stickleback is found only in the Northern Hemisphere, where it usually inhabits coastal waters or freshwater bodies.