John SAVAGE whose will, dated 26 Aug 1678, proved in Northampton Co VA, included a bequest to a Jarvis COOMES. They had indentured people in Virginia, and some people may have seen Africans just like they saw other indentured people. Naturalization Records are a great way to find an ancestor's arrival year and ship name! Get the details of the current Voyage of MARIGOLD including Position, Port Calls, Destination, ETA and Distance travelled - IMO 9221669, MMSI 441809000, Call Sign D7BF But Native American women were not, in the eyes of contemporaries, fitting partners. departs on the Amitie: 13 Oct 1635(London, England via St. Christopher's to Virginia) Licenses to go beyond the seas dated 13 die (sic) Octobris, 1635. Their arrival was duly noted by the colonys secretary, John Rolfe, famous as the widower of the Native American woman called Pocahontas. The Marygold, in 1635, brought Thomas Holbrook and his family to America. off grid homes for sale williams, az psmpackersandmovers@gmail.com; shein maillot de bain tankini grande taille Facebook roman catholic lectionary Twitter humphrey funeral home obituaries Youtube PERROTT 16 Aug 1637; & 100 Acs for trans. Ships' Passenger Lists to Virginia Before 1820 - Olive Tree Genealogy Austen COMBES, A List of Names of the Living in Virginia taken on February the 16th 1623. And while some declare that 1619 marked the beginning of slavery in Englands American colonies, they are off the mark in at least two ways. I t was 400 years ago, "about the latter end of August," that an . cit. Great Migration: Passengers on The Marigold 1638 - geni family tree Magazines, Or create a free account to access more articles, The First Africans in Virginia Landed in 1619. 1610 to 1619 | Virginia Records Timeline: 1553 to 1743 | Articles and Write to Olivia B. Waxman at olivia.waxman@time.com. IV., p. 87. Sincerely, The Combs &c Research Group, Email: Webmaster. Likewise, he was too old to have been John COMBS II, b 1602, s/o John and Margaret ARCHDALE Combs. Dem sailors didnt know shi noways; navigationuz real pathetic, mights een say primitive. Anthony and Isabella (sometimes spelled Isabela) stayed in present-day Hampton, Va., in an area then known as Elizabeth Cittie. Researchers are encouraged to copy and distribute this work freely, but with the proviso that it may only be copied and circulated in its entirety -- including this notice, and all sources, bibliographies and credits; and excepting electronically in which case permission is freely granted to link to this site instead. William BENGE arrived in the Marygold 1619 Get your history fix in one place: sign up for the weekly TIME History newsletter. Giles CARTER of Virginia, Genealogical Memoir and odd Negroes aboard in exchange for victuals meaning, they traded food for slaves. When the White Lion arrived unheralded in Point Comfort, the captains immediate task was to sell the Africans in exchange for food. Goodwife BALL Before leaving England, most had been unmarried women in service. This 1602 group had 32 passengers and it was Captain Gabriel who named Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard. Because of the central role of the English colonies in American history, the introduction of the transatlantic slave trade to Virginia is likewise central to this ugly and inescapable part of that story. There, English women were guaranteed the chance to settle down and, with the help of a servant, run their own households. As Colita Nichols Fairfax, co-chair of the Hampton 2019 Commemorative Commission and professor at Norfolk State University, tells TIME, Our children are not learning the human tragedy of enslavement. Co VA between both Abraham and Archdale COMBS and the PAYNE families? Gody POWELL Home Ships People Nations Places Actions Fleets Classes Captures Sources Glossary Rates Types Definitions Editors Recent updates Added Marius Olivier French Naval Sailor Service 1860 Added M Gustave Hector Ohier French Naval Sailor Administrator Service 1830-1870 Added Those English women who travelled to the new colony of Jamestown in search of marriage and a new life were neither groomed nor coerced. Master: Not Listed, but possibly P. CANADAY (KENODY). W. Noel Sainsbury, Longman & Green, 1860, p. 78). Passengers For New England, 1638, pg 108. British hired ship 'Marygold' (1620) Come and ask, answer or inform. (See Devonshire EN for examples), 1654 (Northumberland Co VA Headright) Debora COME, headright of Peter KNIGHT, Northumberland Co. (Early Virginia Immigrants, 1623-1666 by George Cabell Greer, Clerk, Virginia State Land Office, 1912), 1654-October 9th Richard COMBE of Stourton, Wilts, bound to Henry COLLENDER of Mere [sic] Brecnoch [sic] to serve for 7 years in Virginia (Extracted by Combs Researcher Sharon Natolis from the Book Of Immigrants 1606-1660, Peter Wilson Coldham Genealogy Publishing Company, 1988, Page 275). Discover the vessel's particulars, including capacity, machinery, photos and ownership. Carter goes on to add that The certificate of Thomas PARKER, Mayor of Bristol, gives the names of fifty-eight passengers on the SUPPLY when cleared. See Also 1667 James City VA, Emanuel COMBS below, and Combs-Denney-Kingston of County Kent, England. Cuttance was the Captain on the 1635 voyage which Thomas Holbrook and family sailed on. Enjoy! (wife) Jone PALMER Combs &c. Ship's Lists Any and all commercial use is strictly prohibited. COMBES, Israell ATWELL, Zachariah FOSTER (Cavaliers & Pioneers, Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, Vol. . Magazines, Digital Ship to Home. He married Lettice Loftus, daughter of Sir Adam Loftus. (Also Settlers living at James Citty in Virginia February 4, 1624/5 & Passenger List, Ship Marigold, 1619). San Antonio Notes: Possibly Richard of 1666 Accomack? Nicholas COMON (SANDIS servant), (The Original Lists of Persons of Quality,-..1600-1700, edited by John Camden Hotten, Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., Baltimore, 1968, 1983, p. 235) ports of arrival, Ships Passenger Lists Margaret 1619 England to Virginia The George, from London, arrived at Virginia 1620 Ships Passenger Lists from England to New England between 1620 and 1640 Virtual Jamestown Searchable list of 1620 settlers in Jamestown VA plus letters and more! Summer Island. How the Virginians viewed the Africans is a subject of robust debate. Seeds & Plant. ;Roger HorseyTonnes; not stated. Marigold, Elevate Orange Hybrid . ;Capt JonathanDownes Tonnes; 60 tons 2.) Marigold - Annuals - Garden Flowers - The Home Depot Marigold | Acepedia | Fandom Model# 80900. last year petitioner and his partners set forth the Marigold from Weymouth to Lisbon, where the ship's boat was seized by one Alfera and six soldiers, who put to sea therein, but being followed in another boat by the master of the Marigold, a fray ensued, in which Alfera was wounded, and forced to relinquish the boat. Men in the colony believed that women would make their lives more comfortable, too, by performing what they deemed to be essential female roles, as carers and housewives. Da ships captain and crew didnt een know how fast they/uz a goin. They are not just victims. 1996-2008 Combs-Coombs &c. Research Group, (Note: Year given is first year of any Combs Record located), We Support Free Nonprofit *The Sumer Island was Bermuda, but often called at that time Somer Isle (after Sir Geo. On top of that, the transatlantic slave trade had been going on for about a century by August 1619. The skills that they claimed to possess reflected this variety of experience and status: while Ann Tanner, 27, the daughter of a husband-man in Chelmsford, knew how to spin, sew, brew, bake, make cheese and butter general huswifery [sic]. TRACY also brought a letter of instruction and advice concerning Virginia affairs from Richard BERKELEY and John SMYTH., Note: Again, it will be necessary to locate a copy of the original record in order to determine if Nicholas was a CAMME or a COMBE, but the placement of his name immediately above that of William FINCHE is of interest due to early English FINCH/Combs/GREEN/SMITH wills. of tobacco, but this is not true. Otherwise his list agrees with the above except for small variations of spelling.. The Virginia Company prescribed that no woman was to be pressured; instead she would have her choice of husband, whichever man she fondly bestow[ed] her self. Welcome to Geni, home of the world's largest family tree. Thomas POWELL Fifty had been taken by those English pirates aboard two ships, the White Lion and the Treasurer. Rich was anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic, and profited from thwarting Spanish shipping in the Caribbean. Now they would enjoy greater social standing. Under the Virginia Company it was the custom for the governor of the colony to give a certificate to each ship on arrival, setting forth the list of passengers and such other mention as circumstances seemed to merit. Rolfes letter says the people were traded for food, indicating they were seen as property, and research suggests most of them were kidnapped, meaning they didnt come to America willingly. His original source, if any, is very much needed! Lawsons comments are another example of womens autonomy and agency being written out of history, but the voices of the brides who landed at Jamestown are not difficult to find. Robert EDMUND'S arrived in the Marygold 1619 As low as $6.95 . Shipp, winner of the 1996 Pulitzer Prize for commentary, is a founding faculty member of the School of Global Journalism and Communication at Morgan State University in Baltimore. Nothing is more complicated than sorting out who those 20. 19 Results Common Name Family: Marigold. A second muster taken on the same date, but at the Eastern Shore Plantation included two more Combs (var. Ituz a long 8 ta 12 weeks. Calendars of State Papers, American and Colonial Series, 1574-1660, ed. He died in 1610 in St. Mary the Virgin Aldermanbury, London, England. No further Combs records are found until 1635 when a John COMBS (same as above on another voyage, or a second one?) This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The Misguided Focus on 1619 as the Beginning of Slavery in the U.S. It Was a Turning Point for Slavery in American HistoryBut Not the Beginning. > Richard Parsons was the son of Sir William Parsons, 1st Bt. Devos rips President Biden's ties to critical race theory Notes: Although it remains unknown whether a relationship existed between John Combs I of 1608 and Thomas Combs of 1620, that the transfer of shares was from a HARRIS may have been significant due to the marriage of Bridget ARCHDALE Blackburn Harris (See 1629 Oxfordshire EN will of William Combs, s/o John and Margaret ARCHDALE Combs I). Few ships, before or since, have unloaded a more momentous cargo, historian and journalist Lerone Bennett wrote in his 1962 book, "Before the Mayflower: A History of the Negro in America." 4, p. 9 (13)) 2 Oct 1655. Mary Gold / Marigold 1616, 1618, 1619, 1622 The following entiries were obtained from my Hotten book 8a from the Musters of the Inhabitants in Virginia 1624/1625 chapters, pages 201 thru 265, which lists the muster captain, and what ship the individual arrived on. The English settlers enslaved indigenous people around the time of 1619, and some colonists later owned both American Indian and African slaves, says Ashley Atkins Spivey, an anthropologist and member of Pamunkey, the Powhatan chiefs tribe. In 1620, VIRGINIA (Smyth of Nibley papers), PAPERS 1620-32, states Nicholas CAME, gent, and in parentheses, SMYTH has returned in June 1621 with the same ship.. Richard BURTON, deceased. John WEST Cr. Angelo, a Christian woman who originated from Angola, was sold to Captain William Pierce. We know some people became free, so it looks like they were treated like every other indentured person.. It was her means to the New World and a new life. As mothers and wives, women were seen as having an essential part to play in settling the status of the colony. 1,1623-1666, Nell Marion Nugent, Virginia State Library, Richmond, 1977, p. 324, lists this as Charles COOMES or COONIES. 1,1623-1666, Nell Marion Nugent, Virginia State Library, Richmond, 1977, p. 197). Some won their freedom in court; others, like John Punch, were sentenced to permanent servitude for daring to run away. marigold ship 1619. According to James Horn, President and Chief Officer of Jamestown Rediscovery, both ships were owned by a powerful English nobleman, the Earl of Warwick Robert Rich. 12 Oct 1652 (Northampton - VA PB3:105) July GARDNER, 300 A. at the Emost part of Charles SCARBURGH'S land on N side of Pungotege Cr. Thomas SAVADGE Other scholars, including Linda Heywood and John Thornton of Boston University, insist that the Africans from the White Lion and the Treasurer were enslaved by the English as they had originally been by the Portuguese slave traders before they were taken by pirates. Dat holduz always fillt wit smoke. Hell, they eidt een know where ems wuz mot eida time. This Combs &c. Research Report has been provided for the free use of those engaged in non-commercial genealogical research by the nonprofit Combs Research Group. Is this a misprint? Between 1618 and 1620, about 50,000 enslaved people many of whom had been prisoners of war were exported from Angola. ; Mary TRACY his wife; Thomas TRACY their sonne; Joyce TRACY their daughter; Frances GREVELL; Elizabeth WEBBE; Alice HESKINS; Isabell GIFFORD; Arnold OLDSWORTH, Esq. marigold ship 1619. First Enslaved Africans Arrive in Jamestown Colony - HISTORY Treasurors Plant, James Citty, Virginia (included): Mary Gold / Marigold 1616, 1618, 1619, 1622 - Packrat Pro The Seeds of Wrath Combs Family Lore: The Tale of the Marigold - Blogger Available now on Amazon.com and Amazon.ca, Step 2: 2 Jul 1650 (Nancemund - Land Patent Book No. She wanted a fresh start in Jamestown and before she voyaged Anne presented her recommendation to the Virginia Company. What possessed them to uproot and plant themselves in a new country? ), these fifty person, under written vist---. (The subtitle was changed in later editions to "The History of Black America."). 1619 in America: 400 years ago, Africans arrived in Virginia - USA TODAY See Also Burton-Combs Connections. $6.95. Some scholars also advocate reframing the story of 1619 so the emphasis is less on the trade that happened in Virginia and more on the horrifying voyage to get there and what came after. After the marriage between Pocahontas and John Rolfe, there was peace between the English and the Powhatan people, but relations started to deteriorate after her 1617 death. All of the women who ventured to the Jamestown colony in the years 1619-1621 to become brides to colonists had to prove that, like Anne Rickard, they were suitable. Garden New York Ships Passenger Lists 1855-1890, Ellis Such a trade, as described five months after the fact in a letter to the Virginia Company of London, had never before occurred in English North America, making this an ignominious milestone and one that 400 years later is still surrounded by misconceptions and debate. Notes: Various of the London Guilds, such as the Drapers, Grocers, Merchants and Skinners, formed their own sub-companies, collecting subscriptions that were then forwarded to Sir Thomas SMYTHE, Treasurer of the Virginia Company. Conditionsuz only a-slight bit better for em officers and crew whouz also a- livin in dem crowded deckhouses. August 1, 1629 Letter of Marque issued to: Owners; Henry Cuttance, and others Ship;Marygold of Weymouth Capt;Edward Cuttance Tonnes 140 tonns ****Note that Capt. MARIGOLD, Chemical/Oil Products Tanker - VesselFinder (2) John Combs, the Draper of 1608-9 and John COOMBES of 1619-1620 could not have been the same since John Combs the Draper died in 1610 (See Above). The vessel is sailing at a speed of 14.4 knots. E.R. John Smith and Jamestown, Virginia 1607-1609, The Charter of the Virginia Company of London. Certificate to the Council and Company of Virginia of the arrival of Planters at Barklay January 29, 1620/21. For passengers with a sweet tooth, prunes were purchased. Menu. Delaware, The tobacco, which was worth approximately 18 when sold in England, was to cover the cost (12) of transporting each woman to Virginia, with 6 profit for the Virginia Companys pocket. 260 Judge Edward Dufresne Parkway. Item payd unto Sir Thomas SMITH Trer. A recent article in The Guardian by Mark Lawson likened Anne Rickard and other English women to forced brides, a provocative comparison that could not be further from the truth. The New York Times this past weekend announced a special project devoted to its indelible mark on American society, and Hampton, Va., is commemorating the anniversary through Wednesday. A year after the Feb 1623/4 muster, a second muster was taken -- during the period January 20-February 7, 1624/5 -- and included: 4 Feb 1624/25 (Treasurer's Plantation, Jamestown) Musters of the Inhabitants in Virginia, Settlers living at mr. These Africans become indentured servants like the white indentured servants who traded passage for servitude. Although the next record of a Combs is not actually a Virginia record, but from Southampton, England, it is potentially of great importance since it may serve to help identify Thomas COMBE, shareholder of the Virginia Company: 20 Jun 1627. References. Theres pretty much overwhelming consensus here: theres really no evidence to argue that the Africans were not envisioned as slaves, says Guasco. Beitrags-Autor: Beitrag verffentlicht: Juni 4, 2022 Beitrags-Kategorie: how to respond to thank you email professionally Beitrags-Kommentare: aita for walking out of the delivery room aita for walking out of the delivery room The names of Stewards and Servants sent b y John Mason, Esq., into this province of New Hampshire. Canadian Port of Arrival and the Holbrook readers may recall that there is a 1635 Port Book List for the Marygold [ sic= Mary Gould] which names Thomas Holbrook, his wife and children, but does not name his family further. It is clear from the statements they made to the Virginia Company that they came from a range of social backgrounds: daughters of gardeners and shoemakers, as well as the kinswomen of gentlemen, such as Margaret Bourdman, 20, the niece of Sir John Gypson, who received good testimony from her employers and neighbours. However, as the original estimated cost to outfit each woman stood at 8 (money that was invested by shareholders), the Virginia Company was mostly recuperating its losses. This site is hosted by USGenNet, a nonprofit web-hosting service solely supported by tax-deductible donations. 17th Century Combs &c. Families of Virginia Colony It has been suggested that they were sold to the highest bidders for 150lb. These were women of better sort, who were unlikely to have been left unaccompanied, and any proposals that they received would probably have taken place behind closed doors and not out in the open. Or could he have been John COMBS, s/o the Draper (1602-1652) for whom no children are recorded during the periods 1635-6 (see above) or 1638-164). I maintain these pages alone (I have no staff and I'm not part of a library) and can always use help. Co VA? Comments 1619/05/20: COOMBES, John: Ship Marigold, England to Virginia Colony: 1620/01/29: COMBE, Nicholas: Ship The Supply, England to Virginia Colony: 1627/06/20: COMBE, Thos., Capt. For many black readers, accustomed to being told in myriad ways that blacks had no history, the notion that their ancestors presence in America predated the 1620 arrival of the Pilgrims story was a mind-boggling revelation. 2 Oct 1655 (Northampton - Land Patent Book No. Autograph signed of George Yeardley and Jo: Pory, Secr., Seal and Stamp (Double Rose). George YARDLEY to the Company's use. 03499) Note: Others shown were J. TURGIS and T. HENSON. Instead, their testimony shows that they were willing to voyage to the colony and took measures to ensure that they could do so. A Lyst of the Pasingers Abord The Speedwell of London, Robert Lock Master, Bound For New England 30 May 1656. U.S. President Barack Obama (center) speaks after signing a proclamation to designate Ft. Monroe in Hampton, Va., a national monument on Nov. 1, 2011, in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington, D.C. How We Can Learn to Live with COVID-19 After Vaccinations. The above name was clearly Cha. Can she solve the mysteries of the past and the present before disaster strikes? Earlier this year, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam referred to the long history of racism in the U.S. as dating back 400 years to the first indentured servants from Africa landing at Point Comfort in an interview with CBS This Morning. of Capt. The first task that women had was to secure their passage, by requesting testimonials and recommendations from people who were willing to accompany them, in person, to the Virginia Company. Join Combs &c. in Support of USGenNet an IRS-approved nonprofit web-hosting service . See also the George and Ann COMBS of St. Clement Danes, Westminster, London, EN, Last updated 17 Feb 2009 [SEAL] These are to certifie the right Honble Right worshipfull, and others of the Counsell and Comany for this first Southern Colony of Virginia, that there arrived at Barklay in the same country, for the account of that Society, and the Plantation fothe said hundred, upon the 29th of January 1620, these fifty persons underwritten. Vist. Dem motley passengers traveled alow deck ins da hold, jus a big room at a-bottom of da ship it wuz maybe lessen five feet of headroom. The ship, owned by the Earl of Warwick, went down in Castle Harbour . Blog informasi judi online dan game slot online paling populer goo goo dolls live 1993; corrie sanders vs mike tyson; grange park northampton zara warehouse; northeast mississippi community college baseball field; voltage ripple calculator; feeling energized after covid vaccine; centre de formation football lyon prix; Genealogy and History on the Internet, Combs, A Study in Comparative Philology and Genealogy, St. Clement Danes, Westminster, London, EN. 2 Jul 1650. Questions: Was he nevertheless somehow kin to either the earlier or later Combs of VA? Island, Florida, New Jersey, New Hampshire, No doubt some attributes would be more practical than others on arrival at Jamestown. Ghibbs noted that she was skilled in making bone lace, an assertion, it seems, that was meant to bolster her gentle status, femininity and moral upstanding. Anthony BURROWS The "Sea Venture" (also called the Seaventure or Sea Adventure) sailed as part of a flotilla of nine ships commanded by Admiral Sir George Somers.Intended destination was Jamestown, Virginia. BASSE Affirmeth upon his knowledge that JOHN COOMBES and John EWYNE cam over into this County in the good shipp caled Marigold Ano Domini 1620 the 20th of May and were delivered by Capt. Here is some additional information about the Marygold ship of Weymouth. NOTICE: The Combs-Coombs &c. Research Group is a nonprofit public benefit corporation and complies fully with USGenNet's Conditions of Use. Many had left home already to take up employment in London and family separation, especially at the point when you people went into service and afterwards married, was expected. pg 39, Passengers For Virginia, 1635, pg 111, 211, 268, 374, Emigrants in Vessels Bount to Virginia, p. 248. Previously, on July 30, when President Trump spoke in Williamsburg, Va., to mark the 400th anniversary of Virginias General Assembly, he noted in a speech boycotted by the Virginia Legislative Black Caucus, over Trumps comments about black politicians that it wasnt long after that governing body first met that the colony saw the beginning of a barbaric trade in human lives.. Back then, it was a Portuguese colony, and most of the enslaved are believed to have been captured during an ongoing war between Portugal and the kingdom of Ndongo, as John Thornton wrote in the The William and Mary Quarterly in 1998. of 4 servants: William RIGHT, William HEYNES, Jr., William SMITH & George GURR, all of whom came from the Sumer Island in the Tyger in 1621 surveyed by Willi. Search Words: KENNEDY HINSON. The relationship, if any, between John COMBE, Virginia Company shareholder by 1609, and the following Thomas COMBE, a shareholder by 1620, remains unknown. Notes: St. Christopher's was another common port of call for English ships en route to the Virginia Colony. Your IP: South Congress established the 400 Years of African-American History Commission. Thomas SAVAGE was the father of Capt. marigold ship 1619 But her search into the past leads her to a dark secret. 10 pers: includes Charles COOMES. 88.99.24.175 Binding themselves through matrimony to tobacco planters in the Virginia colony was mutually beneficial. The people who came in August 1619 have been described as the first Africans to set foot on the North American continent, but that is incorrect. Shipper: J. COMBES, Consignment No. So the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the White Lion is a little bit of a celebration, a little bit of a commemoration, a little bit of reflection and a lot of wrestling with what does this mean? Whitehead says. This first group that came survived and created a solid and growing community of people of African descent, with some of them intermingling with English and the Native peoples, says Cassandra Newby-Alexander, a professor of history at Norfolk State University and a member of various commemoration commissions. Note: Based on the records that follow, it is believed highly probable that John COOMES above was the same who arrived on the Ship Marigold. The women also showed their willingness to go, perhaps even hinting at their suitability for the tough environment of Jamestown. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. Throughout the Emmeria-Estovakia War, she played a pivotal role in anti-ship operations and was under the command of Captain Kenneth Ford. I, p. 3). Copyright 2023 History Today Ltd. Company no. 3. T he Bermuda Company sent him to the island aboard the Warwick. If you don't find your immigrant ancestor in a large port city, try smaller He traveled on the ship, "Marigold" and sailed from England to Jamestown, Virginia. Jonathan Downes Ship;Marygold of WeymouthCapt. She also promised that she would take pains and do all service that is fit in order to earn her diet. On August 30, 2015, during the Invasion of Gracemeria, the 2nd Fleet suffered substantial losses while defending the capital. Not until the 1660s, over forty years later, do we find any Abraham Combs in Virginia. He visits his offspring to capture an everlasting record for future generations. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a2aa9318c1ec29b Copyright 1996-presentThese pages may be freely linked to but not duplicated in any fashion without my written consent. This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for theJOHN DEERE 5105 TRACTOR, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. John Richmond Combs, I (1662 - 1717) - Genealogy - geni family tree Posted On 7, 2022. CLAYBORNE. LANE to Sr. George YARDLEY to the Compenys use., Virginia State Library Archives (hereinafter VSLA), and Combs, A Study in Comparative Philology and Genealogy, by Josiah H. Combs, Ph.D., University of Paris, copyright 1976 by Norris K. Combs, Library of Congress Card Number: 76-023567, Published by Norris K. Combs, Pensacola, Florida, Second Printing, 1979, p. 9 (hereinafter JHC), 20 May 1620 - 20 Jan 1625/6 (Virginia [formerly London] Company, Minutes of the Council and general Court, London, p. 215) 20 Jan, 1625.