May 24, 2021 scottish vs irish facial featuresst cloud psychological services. doi: 10.1007/s00439-016-1754-7, Lippert, C., Sabatini, R., Maher, M. C., Kang, E. Y., Lee, S., Arikan, O., et al. Schizophr. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316513111, Wilderman, A., VanOudenhove, J., Kron, J., Noonan, J. P., and Cotney, J. doi: 10.1038/ng.3211, Carels, C., Van Cauwenberghe, N., Savoye, I., Willems, G., Loos, R., Derom, C., et al. A population-based cross-sectional study of the association between facial morphology and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development. Anat. Modifications to chromatin through methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation or other processes are known to influence gene expression. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12072, Attanasio, C., Nord, A. S., Zhu, Y., Blow, M. J., Li, Z., Liberton, D. K., et al. 3:e002910. vs (2015). A genome-wide association study identifies five loci influencing facial morphology in Europeans. (2018c). What does a (stereo)typical English/Welsh/Scottish/Irish person (2016). (2009). The collective use of these techniques to identify the various facial features will increase the robustness of linking the DNA to a likely suspect/candidate. Dis. Comparison between breast volume measurement using 3D surface imaging and classical techniques. 12, 615618. (2016). Genome-wide association meta-analysis of individuals of European ancestry identifies new loci explaining a substantial fraction of hair color variation and heritability. doi: 10.1097/00001665-200403000-00027, Farkas, L. G., Katic, M. J., and Forrest, C. R. (2005). Taste. Twin studies suggest that 7281% of the variation of height in boys and 6586% in girls is due to genetic differences with the environment explaining 523% of the variation (Jelenkovic et al., 2011). (2017). (2017). Epigenomics 10, 2742. Table 2 highlights that genetic variants influencing facial morphology can have pleiotropic effects on parts of the body independent to the brain and surrounding craniofacial structures (e.g., cardiovascular, endocrine, gastro-intestinal, central nervous, musculo-skeletal and uro-genital systems). The influence of snoring, mouth breathing and apnoea on facial morphology in late childhood: a three-dimensional study. Over time, facial morphology across populations has been influenced by various factors, such as migration, mate-choice, survival and climate, which have contributed to variation in facial phenotypes. The genes and broad regional associations are shown in Table 2 (ordered by facial feature and chromosome) and Figure 1 (showing facial region). From birth to adulthood there are significant body and facial changes. Identifying genetic variants influencing facial phenotypes can lead to improved etiological understanding of craniofacial anomalies, advances in forensic prediction using DNA and testing of evolutionary hypotheses. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801311-3.00002-0, Reik, W. (2007). An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Shaffer, J. R., Li, J., Lee, M. K., Roosenboom, J., Orlova, E., Adhikari, K., et al. (2011). U.S.A. 115, E676E685. Top. J. Orthod. Irish Facial Features doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007501, Howe, L. J., Richardson, T. G., Arathimos, R., Alvizi, L., Passos-Bueno, M.-R., Stanier, P., et al. Associations of mandibular and facial asymmetriesa review. Future, environmental epigenetic studies will show whether particular chemicals map to corresponding sensitive genomic regions. (2018). Eur. I notice that many folks from the South and Lower Midwest (especially Kentucky, Indiana and Tennessee), where Irish and Scottish ancestry are the most Frontonasal dysmorphology in bipolar disorder by 3D laser surface imaging and geometric morphometrics: comparisons with schizophrenia. Even with relatively long acquisition times for some photogrammetric, MRI, CT, and CBCT systems, facial landmark reliability of less than 0.5 mm can be achieved (Kau et al., 2005, 2007; Liu et al., 2012). Acad. You also have the ginger/red hair colour that is quite common on the british isles, most common in Ireland and Scotland, I believe. In addition, it is likely that one or more genes influence the whole shape of the face as well as more localized facial regions (Claes et al., 2018). 131, 169180. A novel strategy for forensic age prediction by DNA methylation and support vector regression model. doi: 10.2174/157015907781695955, Wilde, S., Timpson, A., Kirsanow, K., Kaiser, E., Kayser, M., Unterlnder, M., et al. A., Guerin, D. J., Litzky, J. F., Chavan, N. R., et al. Semin. Maternal alcohol consumption and offspring DNA methylation: findings from six general population-based birth cohorts. (1996). Oral Med. The role of enhancers modifying histones, chromatin states are key for normal range craniofacial development and relative position of the various craniofacial tissues. 23, 764773. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjv062, Smith, G. D., and Ebrahim, S. (2003). 67, 261268. Visualizing and automatic detection of facial phenotypes and determining their prevalence in population groups will facilitate case-control evaluations to determine genetic variants. (2010). Curr. Hoyme, H. E., Kalberg, W. O., Elliott, A. J., Blankenship, J., Buckley, D., Marais, A. S., et al. Face shape differs in phylogenetically related populations. Cleft lip and palate. 2),89628968. Expanding the cleft phenotype: the dental characteristics of unaffected parents of Australian children with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. (2014). Genet. Am. Res. Contrastingly, previous estimates suggest that antero-posterior face height, mandibular body length, ramus height, upper vermillion height, nasal width and maxillary protrusion are more strongly influenced by environmental factors (Jelenkovic et al., 2010; Djordjevic et al., 2016; Sidlauskas et al., 2016; Cole et al., 2017; Tsagkrasoulis et al., 2017). Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that self-perceived and genetically inferred ancestry are associated with facial morphology, particularly with regards to the shape of the nose (Dawei et al., 1997; Le et al., 2002; Farkas et al., 2005; Claes et al., 2014). Rep. 7:2441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02721-0. The pattern of facial skeletal growth and its relationship to various common indexes of maturation. Adv. Nature 447:425. doi: 10.1038/nature05918, Relton, C. L., and Davey Smith, G. (2012). doi: 10.1007/s002669900123. Surg. doi: 10.1038/nature08451, Visscher, P. M., Hill, W. G., and Wray, N. R. (2008). Prevention may be challenging (other than continually improving environmental conditions and reducing exposure to potential epigenetic factors) as facial development occurs very early in gestation during a period whereby the mother is often unaware she is pregnant. A genetic atlas of human admixture history. Facial morphological differences relating to ancestry are well-characterized when comparing individuals from distinct populations, but distinct differences remain even within more ancestrally homogeneous populations. (2013). Psychol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006174, Cole, J. Irish facial features arlene stafford wilson The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Genome-wide meta-analyses of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts identify novel associations between FOXE1 and all orofacial clefts, and TP63 and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3414, Stanier, P., and Moore, G. E. (2004). Finite element modelling of maxillofacial surgery and facial expressionsa preliminary study. Pflugers. What are Typical Irish Facial Features? The timing, vectors and duration of surges in facial growth tend to be different for males and females and between populations contributing to overall facial variation (Kau et al., 2010; Hopman et al., 2014; Richmond R.C. car auctions brisbane airport. ORahilly, R. (1972). 75, 264281. The fusion between the facial processes depends on a series of events involving cell migration, growth, adhesion, differentiation and apoptosis. Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria. But light eyes and freckles are much more common. A. Slinte - Wikipedia Toxicol. Sharp, G. C., Arathimos, R., Reese, S. E., Page, C. M., Felix, J., Kpers, L. K., et al. Investigating the shared genetics of non-syndromic cleft lip/palate and facial morphology. Genetic interactions or epistasis may also explain the low levels of variance recorded. *Correspondence: Stephen Richmond, r[emailprotected], The Genes and Mechanisms Underlying Normal-Range Craniofacial Variation, View all Nat. Sharman, N. (2011). (2001). Int. For example, there is evidence that nose shape has been under historical selection in certain climates (Weiner, 1954; Zaidi et al., 2017). Plast. (2018). Ashique, A. M., Fu, K., and Richman, J. M. (2002). Many of these substances can cross the placenta (Naphthalene a volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon related to solvent emissions is present in household products and pesticides Mirghani et al., 2015; Nicotine Wickstrm, 2007; Drugs and alcohol Lange et al., 2014). A 3D morphometric perspective for facial gender analysis and classification using geodesic path curvature features. (2013). Genet. 21, 548553. Nat. Int. Part A 143, 11431149. doi: 10.2217/epi-2017-0081, Kim, J. J., Lee, H. I., Park, T., Kim, K., Lee, J. E., Cho, N. H., et al. Exploring the underlying genetics of craniofacial morphology through various sources of knowledge. Maximum likelihood estimation of human craniometric heritabilities. (2016). Its what gives Irish Whiskey its often, not always, lighter and smoother taste, while Scotch will often taste heavier and fuller. There have been nine GWAS studies and it is appropriate to try and integrate their findings through a meta-analysis. Last year, the dark-skinned, blue-eyed facial reconstruction of Cheddar Man, a 10,000-year-old British resident, made international headlines and sparked discussions about native identity in a nation grappling with Brexit and issues of migration.. Now, a new exhibit is revealing the faces of seven more ancient locals from the coast of southern Am. Combined face-brain morphology and associated neurocognitive correlates in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Hum. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.034, Hughes, T. E., Townsend, G. C., Pinkerton, S. K., Bockmann, M. R., Seow, W. K., Brook, A. H., et al. Int. Am. Historical migrations, such as the European colonization of Latin America, led to genetic admixture (breeding between individuals from previously isolated populations) (Hellenthal et al., 2014), which greatly influenced the facial morphology of the Latin American population. The Alpine race is a reduced Upper Palaeolithic survivor; Alpines are as a rule of but medium stature, and lateral in bodily build; their heads of moderate size and globu- lar; their faces characteristically round and their facial features slightly infantile. What the Average Person Looks Like in doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.09.003, Hamano, Y., Manabe, S., Morimoto, C., Fujimoto, S., and Tamaki, K. (2017). The Scottish Accent doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007081, Henderson, A. J., Holzleitner, I. J., Talamas, S. N., and Perrett, D. I. Irish Dance The important link between facial variation and nsCL/P is highlighted by a study comparing facial morphologies (linked to genes) of children with nsCL/P and unaffected relatives. 227, 474486. Identification of individuals by trait prediction using whole-genome sequencing data. J. Anat. (2010). Statistical power and significance testing in large-scalegenetic studies. However, the sample sizes and inconsistencies in research design and particularly statistical management have yielded mixed results. CELT, or Kelt, the generic name of an ancient people, the bulk of whom inhabited the central and western parts of Europe. J. Med. 34, 655664. Most modern Celts have dark hair and a red beard. (2011). There are over 25,000 registered Scottish tartans. The Irish temperament is world-famous. (2011). 281:20141639. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1639, Rachdaoui, N., and Sarkar, D. K. (2014). The final difference between Scotch and Irish whiskey is the taste. J. Craniofac Surg. Craniofac. The craniofacial region is made up of a series of complex structures which contribute to overall facial shape. Human facial shape and size heritability and genetic correlations. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.05.011, Mitchem, D. G., Purkey, A. M., Grebe, N. M., Carey, G., Garver-Apgar, C. E., Bates, T. C., et al. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015410, Marazita, M. (2007). Irish Scottish Normal facial development is dependent on Cranial Neural Crest Cells and correctly spatially positioned and differentiated tissues and structures that influence the shape and morphological features of the face. 47, 291295. 90, 478485. Child 41, 613635. Forensic DNA Phenotyping: predicting human appearance from crime scene material for investigative purposes. It is important to note that the strong association between facial morphology and ancestry means that any correlations may be attributable to fine-scale population substructure. Guide to the staging of human embryos. hundreds of millions of sequences) as well as biomarkers for medical conditions generates massive and complex data sets. Orthod. Front. Neurobiol. Simultaneous advances in genotyping technology have enabled the exploration of genetic influences on facial phenotypes, both in the present day and across human history. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.02.003, Keating, B., Bansal, A. T., Walsh, S., Millman, J., Newman, J., Kidd, K., et al. Gene association with regionalized facial features in normal populations. Int. There are many published norms for different racial/population groups used to identify individuals who fall within the normal range and identify any facial dysmorphologies. 136, 275286. A., Mattern, B. C., Claes, P., McEcoy, B., Hughes, C., and Shriver, M. D. (2017). (2010). Lond. Sci. Int. Ireland and their Scottish cousins could have more common ancestry than previously thought. Genet. doi: 10.1038/nrg3706. Maternal active smoking and risk of oral clefts: a meta-analysis. 18, 3348. All authors actively participated in editing of the manuscript. Do Scots-Irish Americans Have A Certain Look? (lease, landlords Cha, S., Lim, J. E., Park, A. Y., Do, J. H., Lee, S. W., Shin, C., et al. Craniofacial enhancers have also been identified acting between the non-coding regions and proposed as a possible instrumental factor in some cleft cases (Wilderman et al., 2018). doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.193185, Cousminer, D. L., Berry, D. J, Timpson, N. J., Ang, W., Thiering, E., Byrne, E. M., et al. TABLE 2. J. Orthod. (2014). Genome-wide association study of three-dimensional facial morphology identifies a variant in PAX3 associated with nasion position. 22, 27352747. Sci. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x, Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A. I., Playle, R., Marshall, D., Rosin, P. L., and Richmond, S. (2012). Public Health 10, 59535970. 36, 506511. Rev. Trans. Res. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Facial masculinity does not appear to be a condition-dependent male ornament in humans and does not reflect MHC heterozygosity. (2012). PLoS Genet. There are words each language use for their own, like wee for the Scottish and aye for the Irish. Recognizable features of the human face develop around the 4th week of gestation and are closely related to cranial neural crest cells (Marcucio et al., 2015). 6:18. doi: 10.1186/1746-160X-6-18, Hellenthal, G., Busby, G. B., Band, G., Wilson, J. F., Capelli, C., Falush, D., et al. Sci. Theyre both made up of fresh, high-quality ingredients that are combined to create hearty dishes. 132, 771781. Genet. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyy032. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003375, Pickrell, J. K., Berisa, T., Liu, J. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.017, Verdonck, A., Gaethofs, M., Carels, C., and de Zegher, F. (1999). Feeling a bit down, have a cup of tea. (2014). They are roughly the same regardless of language, because of mixed ancestry over a long time. After the ice age, the first hunter-gatherers came wi The genome is comprised of 3.2 billion nucleotides wrapped in octomeric units of histones (chromatin). Sci. Orthod. Understanding the face will explain why we look the way we do a range of normality and abnormality that will be useful in healthcare applications and forensic science. - Highlighting what is known about shared facial traits, medical conditions and genes. 42, 17691782. (2016). Dental anomalies as part of the cleft spectrum. The facial developmental component processes are listed (Table 1) and the human embryonic sequence of events can be visualized which aids understanding of the movement of the facial processes followed by their fusion (Sharman, 2011). Curr. The availability of summary statistics on large GWAS studies will also enable the application of quantitative genetics methods to further investigate the genetic architecture of facial morphology. Rare Mendelian mutations, low frequency segregating variants, copy number variants and common variants contribute to complex phenotypes. A 123a, 211230. 15, 335346. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-60964-5_59. (2015). What are Typical Irish Facial Features? Why Your Latest Results Could Include More Scotland In Your The faces are narrow, you might say hollow. Three-dimensional imaging methods for quantitative analysis of facial soft tissues and skeletal morphology in patients with orofacial clefts: a systematic review. TABLE 3. MSc thesis, Cardiff University, Cardiff. The soft tissue facial variation has been explored in a large Caucasian population of 15-year-old children (2514 females and 2233 males) recruited from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The premise of reverse genetics is that there is known function of a gene or a group of genes which will create a particular phenotype with a degree of certainty. There are many imaging systems available to capture the external facial surface topography such as photography, lasers, photogrammetry, magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), and cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT). Endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins regulate outgrowth and epithelial survival during avian lip fusion. Aspinall, A., Raj, S., Jugessur, A., Marazita, M., Savarirayan, R., and Kilpatrick, N. (2014). Irish However they differ in the way these ingredients are used. Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A., Playle, R., and Richmond, S. (2008). 2, 179187. In Irish, the response to slinte is slinte agatsa, which translates "to your health as well". However, recent studies suggest that DNA has the potential to identify an individual from a small group of possible candidates (Claes et al., 2014; Biedermann et al., 2015; Kayser, 2015). PLoS Genet. 6:737. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00737, Bird, A. Many of the previously discussed genetic variants associated with facial traits in GWAS reside in non-protein coding regions of the genome with unclear functional relevance. Rev. Identification of five novel genetic loci related to facial morphology by genome-wide association studies. They both use potatoes, oats, barley, dairy products, lamb, bacon, herring, salmon, scallops, and beef. (2007). For detailed embryological development the reader should read the original articles or illustrated reviews (Som and Naidich, 2013, 2014). Polygenic risk scores, LD score regression (to reduce confounding biases Bulik-Sullivan B.K. Sci. Dent. Rev. (2016). Sci. Estimating the sex-specific effects of genes on facial attractiveness and sexual dimorphism. Previous studies have suggested that facial features such as attractiveness (Little et al., 2001; Fink and Penton-Voak, 2002), hair color (Wilde et al., 2014; Adhikari et al., 2016; Field et al., 2016; Hysi et al., 2018), eye color (Little et al., 2003; Wilde et al., 2014; Field et al., 2016) and skin pigmentation (Jablonski and Chaplin, 2000, 2010; Wilde et al., 2014; Field et al., 2016) may influence mate choice and/or have been under historical selection. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.10.001, Shaffer, J. R., Orlova, E., Lee, M. K., Leslie, E. J., Raffensperger, Z. D., Heike, C. L., et al. if you move from Scotland to Ireland 234, 103110. Eur. (2016). During the pubertal growth period (918 years) facial images should be captured more frequently and if studying pubertal influences facial images should be captured at least every 6 months. Head Face Med. J. Orthod. Am. 122, 680690. Anz. J. Anat. Vis. These are interesting answers. I am not sure if I can add anything or not, but I think there are a couple of areas that should be addressed. First, Much confusion has arisen from the inaccurate use of the terms " Celt " and " Celtic." (2013). (2014). B., Manyama, M., Kimwaga, E., Mathayo, J., Larson, J. R., Liberton, D. K., et al. Evol. Vig (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell). (2014). Molecular studies have shown that the growth, structure and patternation of the facial primordia is controlled by a series of complex interactions that involves many factors such as fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog proteins, bone morphogenetic proteins, homeobox genes Barx1 and Msx1, the distal-less homeobox (Dlx) genes, and local retinoic acid gradients (Barlow et al., 1999; Hu and Helms, 1999; Lee et al., 2001; Ashique et al., 2002; Mossey et al., 2009; Marcucio et al., 2015; Parsons et al., 2015). Scots also have pale complexions and blue eyes. Evaluating LINE-1 methylation in cleft lip tissues and its association with early pregnancy exposures. J. Environ. PLoS One 12:e0176566. Genet. 12:e1006174. If they did a thousand plus years ago, they dont really do so any more because the peoples of the British Isles have been mixing and breeding with They tend to have red hair, freckles, lighter complexion, pronounced cheekbones, rounder face, blue eyes & green eyes. Decoding lamarck-transgenerational control of metabolism by noncoding RNAs. Genet. 10, 8287. Since Scotland appeared in only one of the names, some people wondered what had happened to their Scottish ancestry. 19:1192. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.110, Brinkley, J. F., Fisher, S., Harris, M. P., Holmes, G., Hooper, J. E., Jabs, E. W., et al. Morphometrics, 3D imaging, and craniofacial development. The aim will be to continually develop and advance existing computerized tools and algorithms to solve these complex problems and this will require a multidisciplinary and internationally based team. Some people believe that Scottish and Irish DNA is similar, while others believe that it is not. Res. J. Hum. It only takes an hour to cross the Irish Sea from Scotland - but sometimes it can feel like you're on the other side of the world. Epigenetic regulation in neural crest development. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.016, Neiswanger, K., Weinberg, S. M., Rogers, C. R., Brandon, C. A., Cooper, M. E., Bardi, K. M., et al. Int. For example, a masculine face has been hypothesized to be a predictor of immunocompetence (Scott et al., 2013). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162250, Evans, D. M. (2018). There are several important reasons for exploring the genetics of normal-range variation in facial morphology. doi: 10.1038/ng.2971, Van der Beek, M. C., Hoeksma, J. Anthropol. 13, 105108; discussion 109110. Res. BMJ Open 5:e009027. Expression of chick Barx-1 and its differential regulation by FGF-8 and BMP signaling in the maxillary primordia. This initiative has been facilitated by the availability of low-cost hi-resolution three Natl. 101, 913924. The influence of asthma on face shape: a three-dimensional study. J. Craniomaxillofac. Non-genomic transgenerational inheritanceof disease risk. 17, 21982206. There is no one answer to this question as everyone has their own unique facial features. The authors would like to thank Dr. Ryan Arathimos (University of Bristol) for advice on a draft of the manuscript. There is some evidence to suggest that there are additive genetic effects on nose shape involving SOX9, DCHS2, CASC17, PAX1, RUNX2, and GL13 and chin shape, SOX9 and ASPM. (2017). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1708207114, Danescu, A., Mattson, M., Dool, C., Diewert, V. M., and Richman, J. M. (2015). Dev. 11, 154158. Aust. Dis. They are, of course, there, but literally at units. Proc. J. The long-term impact of folic acid in pregnancy on offspring DNA methylation: follow-up of the Aberdeen Folic Acid Supplementation Trial (AFAST). Nat. Nat. (1999). Acad. Epigenet 2:dvw020. Cleft. Nature 447:396. doi: 10.1038/nature05913, Bocklandt, S., Lin, W., Sehl, M. E., Sanchez, F. J., Sinsheimer, J. S., Horvath, S., et al. J. Neuroradiol. Scottish women tend to be proportionately curvy. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711125114, Little, A. C., Burt, D. M., Penton-Voak, I. S., and Perrett, D. I. Natl. 3D digital stereophotogrammetry: a practical guide to facial image acquisition. This approach may be appropriate for unique facial characteristics but is more challenging when one or more genes are associated with the variation of facial phenotype (e.g., prominence of the nasal bridge or length of the nose, hair and eye color/tones). 130, 556559. A Scottish accent is conscious of their Rs and Gs in ing, compared to the Irish accent, which t must use words softly. Res. R. Soc. Eur. Cherokee doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.09.001, Mellion, Z. J., Behrents, R. G., and Johnston, L. E. Jr. (2013). PLoS One 11:e0162250. DNA methylation mediates genetic liability to non-syndromic cleft lip/palate. doi: 10.1002/rcs.141. WebThese are the major differences between an Irish and a Scottish accent. Most Scottish people have brown hair, J. Med. Difference Between Scottish and Irish (2018). Facial morphogenesis: physical and molecular interactions between the brain and the face. B Biol. So far, all GWAS studies have studied the static face but capturing the face during simple facial actions in a population (dynamic movement with or without speech) will enable the exploration of combined neurological and morphological features by assessing both speed and range of movement. Robot 6, 422430. Low alcohol consumption and pregnancy and childhood outcomes: time to change guidelines indicating apparently safe levels of alcohol during pregnancy? Fine tuning of craniofacial morphology by distant-acting enhancers. 159(Suppl. High-resolution epigenomic atlas of human embryonic craniofacial development. Different facial measures have been applied to facial images obtained from a variety of acquisition systems (2D and 3D).