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One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. 2006. (July 4, 2014) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/benacerraf-bio.html, Chang, Kenneth. Born in Puerto Prncipe, Cuba, Finlay studied abroad before returning to Havana as a general practitioner and ophthalmologist with a penchant for scientific research. He was prolific, but his best-known inventions include the incandescent light bulb, phonograph, and an early movie camera. Now, with new technology coming into the country, these old cars are being revamped with mini-DVD players and stereo systems that blast out oldies in Spanish and the latest American pop. Learn more about Friends of the NewsHour. It's known for being inexpensive and simple to make. Milstein and his team developed a technique for the unlimited production of monoclonal antibodies, a type of antibody made by identical immune cells. Magill, Frank. A mans world? (July 7, 2014) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/press.html, NASA. The world will forever associate two names with leprosy, aka Hansen's disease: Norwegian physician Gerhard Hansen, who in 1873 discovered the bacterium that causes it; and Jacinto Convit, who created a new vaccine for the slow-acting, disfiguring and deadly disease by combining a known tuberculosis treatment with an armadillo bacterium in 1987 [sources: BBC; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Chinea; Yandell]. But over the years, scientists have developed a variety of different treatments that can transform cancer into a chronic, survivable condition. "Luis Alvarez: 1911-1988." A portable bluetooth speaker for sale is tested out on the streets of Central Havana. Known for: This Founding Father was an innovator in more ways than one, and he was among historys most famous inventors. Ellen Ochoa was born in Los Angeles, Calif., and earned her master's degree and doctorate in electrical engineering from Stanford University. She's also done training and curriculum design for a financial institution and been a science museum educator. Try this: Wow your science fair judges by building a Tesla Coil of your own. Wouldnt it have been nice if they all could have been available for testing, and we could have allowed scientific and medical reasons to drive why one or the other came to the market in a particular place, rather than political embargoes?. Try this: Check out this video to learn more about the Smart Grid and how its used. Page 77. Monoclonal antibodies in the medicine attach to epidermal growth factor receptors on the surface of the cancer cell, thus preventing it from dividing and spreading the cancer. Though Jobs went on to become more well-known, he and Wozniak worked together to build the Apple I, the home computer that launched a revolution. 12, no. What if we could clean them out? The seven-time Grammy Award winner. June 18, 2014. Here are a few basic designs to get you started. 2. "Luis W. Alvarez, Nobel Physicist Who Explored Atom, Dies at 77." He shared the prize with Carl Cori and Gerty Cori (ne Radnitz), pioneers in understanding the catalytic conversion of glycogen [sources: Magill; Nobel Prize; USASEF]. He became an astronaut in 1981, served as in-orbit capsule communicator (CAPCOM) during the first Spacelab flight, and flew seven space shuttle missions. Our final entry jointly honors two pioneers of space: physicist Franklin Chang-Daz, the first Hispanic-American astronaut, and engineer Ellen Ochoa, the first female Hispanic-American astronaut (see her picture on the first page). A car is rewired for a digital display in Havana. He also created the Tesla Coil, induction motor, and neon lights, among others. These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? For any other drug that wasnt made in Cuba, Colevas said, that ratio would probably be reversed. About 73,000 U.S. adults with diabetes had their lower limbs amputated in 2010, according to the American Diabetes Association. (July 3, 2014) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/molina-lecture.pdf, Myrbck, Karl. Standardized metal meal trays repurposed as television antennas are visible on rooftops across Cuba. Ted Cruz is the first Hispanic-American to serve as U.S. To wit: Mark Cuban. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. Their flight marked the first engine-powered manned aircraft. Page. The following year, he and Felix Bloch pioneered measuring a neutron's magnetic moment, that is, its tendency to align with an applied magnetic field (an important clue that the neutrally charged particle is made of electrically charged fundamental particles). Speaking of the immune system, when using antibodies to combat viruses or bacteria, the human immune system favors an everything-but-the-kitchen-sink approach. (July 3, 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/12/us-venezuela-people-convit-idUSKBN0DS1A720140512, Crutzen, Paul. Working against a wide-ranging embargo from the neighboring United States, Cubans have been getting along without many basic goods for half a century. In 2001, she was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal for her work on behalf of people with HIV and AIDS. (July 7, 2014) http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/26/world/cesar-milstein-74-who-won-joint-nobel-prize-in-medicine.html, Chinea, Eyanir. "The Yellow Fever Vaccine: A History." The rikimbili, prohibited, but widely used in Cuba, is made of a bicycle with a motor attached. Hes also received a Nobel Prize for his research on bacterial enzyme, which has enabled inventions related to synthesized RNA. "J. Luis Federico Leloir, or How to Do Good Science in a Hostile Environment." Photos by Ernesto Oroza. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. In 1969, Liotta developed the first total artificial heart to . Try this: Watch this video to learn more about stem cells and their importance to modern medicine. Sure, politicized scientific issues like global climate change might instigate rancorous debate, but this smoke, though toxic in its own way, is nothing compared to the fire under which teachers, intellectuals and scientists have lived during many authoritarian regimes. Known for: If you love a good Netflix binge, thank Philo Farnsworth. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. He was a gifted artist, but he also invented a wide array of technologies. Cuba is very poor, and yet the country has some of the healthiest, most long-lived residents in the world -- as well as a medical invention or two that could run circles around U.S. therapies, thanks to government investment in scientific research and a preventive public health approach that views medical care as a birthright. She invented the first compiler, a program that translates programming code to machine language. (July 7, 2014) http://faculty.cua.edu/may/Leloir.pdf, Meier, Natalie. (July 4, 2014) http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/02/obituaries/luis-w-alvarez-nobel-physicist-who-explored-atom-dies-at-77.html, The Telegraph (UK). 6: Luis Alvarez (1911-1988) Father-and-son research team Luis and Walter Alvarez peer through a star dome, which shows the orbit and location, relative to Earth, of stars and constellations. Salsa and ballet have long been staples of Cuban culture, but other dance forms are arriving. (July 7, 2014) http://www.6911norfolk.com/d0lbln/105f06/105f06-wohl-alvarez.pdf, World Health Organization. Aug. 08 2001. You can thank Marie Van Brittan Brown. This list may not reflect recent changes . Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers. Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers. Important discoveries in the field of science. Photo by Ernesto Oroza & Penelope de Bozzi. IUBMB Life. Twenty years ago, Cuban leader Fidel Castro launched the Future Project, a plan to integrate the software industry into the countrys economy. Known for: The Lumire brothers gave us one of the most popular inventions of all timethe movies! Known for: Yet another artist-turned-inventor, Morse is best known for developing the electric telegraph, which allowed people to communicate over long distances nearly instantly. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. When asked if he regretted not winning the Nobel, Convit reportedly replied that his great regret was not curing cancer [sources: BBC; Chinea; Nobel Prize]. "Frank Asaro, Berkeley Lab Nuclear Chemist, Dies at 86." Government glassware used to distribute food was often reused to store and trade illegal food and medicine, Oroza says. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Houssay performed research in circulation, respiration, immunity, the nervous system, digestion and the treatment of insect and snake bites. March 2014. Please be respectful of copyright. Known for: Bloodmobiles are a common sight these days, thanks to Dr. Drew. She was nominated for the position by President Barack Obama. That's what makes the medical prominence of Cuba all the more surprising to those who view a free market as an essential driver of scientific discovery. "Johnson Space Center Director Dr. Ellen Ochoa." Before Google doodles, we honored important forgotten figures with postage stamps. Many of his other inventions were focused on helping the deaf, sparked by his desire to help his wife Mabel, who lost her hearing at the age of five. Owners havent been able to acquire new parts since President Kennedy issued a trade embargo in 1962, so they have devised hacks to keep the cars running. Compared to other countries, America has filed the most patents in the life sciences, is conducting most of the world's clinical trials and has published the most biomedical research. Andrs Arturo Garca Menndez, professionally known as Andy Garcia, is a Cuban American actor. "Role Models in Science & Engineering Achievement: Bernardo Alberto Houssay." Although he was among the 150 educators sacked during Gen. Juan Pern's 1943 military coup, he became one of the most influential physician-scientists of 20th-century Latin America. The most famous symbol of Cubas embargo-innovation balancing act are the vintage American cars. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Miguel Angel Ondetti has been granted more than 100 patents, including U.S. Patent 4,105,776 for "Proline Derivatives and Related Compounds" also known as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to treat hypertension. During World War II, he invented several radar applications, worked on the Manhattan Project and rode in a chase plane during the Enola Gay's Hiroshima bombing. The man credited with one of the most important Mesoamerican discoveries in history started out lecturing on legal philosophy. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. Ask kids to name famous inventors, and you might get Thomas Edison or Henry Ford. The Alvarezes postulated that a giant asteroid or comet hit Earth millions of years ago, causing mass extinctions. famous cuban inventors Jan Matejko (1838-1893): He was a famous history painter and portrait painter. (July 3, 2014) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1984458/Jacinto-Convit, Encyclopaedia Britannica. His finding further enabled him to define five major phases of the ancient capital's history, beginning in the 8th century B.C.E., that lined up with the history of other sites. "Csar Milstein." His inventions include the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin Stove. With his robotics training, Fernndez has created a Roomba from scratch using processors brought into the country by his friends. Vol. Try this: Protect your stuff by learning how to build your own door alarm. But tiny resonance particles, which existed for a trillionth of a trillionth of a second, were only detectable by the traces they left behind -- disintegration products and collision reactions with other particles. "Carlos Finlay (1833-1915)." List of Cuban Americans - Wikipedia List of Cuban Americans Lists of Americans By US state By ethnicity or nationality Afghan African Americans African-American Jews Albanian Algerian Amish Angolan Antiguan and Barbudan Arab Argentine Armenian Asian Assyrian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Bahamian Baloch Bangladeshi Barbadian Belarusian Belgian But after President Obama lowered sanctions in 2009, restored diplomatic ties in 2014, and removed Cuba from the State Sponsors of Terrorism list in 2015a digital revolution has dawned. Invented by scientists at the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Havana, the treatment, which its creators describe as an epidermal growth factor, is injected near the affected area and can accelerate the skin's healing process, closing a wound safely over the course of about three months. Try this: Put your students to work with these fun assembly line classroom activities. Learn more: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, Lemelson-MIT. All rights reserved. 5. Learn more: The Farmboy Who Invented Television (Smithsonian Magazine). Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, This empress was the most dangerous woman in Rome. Internet cards connect customers at a wifi hotspot in Havana. All Rights Reserved. This happened after years of debates, protests and lobbying by Mexican-American people who had historically been forced to record themselves as Spanish-speaking, having Spanish origin or white on the census. Now, wifi and warming relations with the U.S. are paving the way for a digital revolution. Jenny Marder. Photo by Ernesto Oroza. A charger for non-rechargable hearing aid batteries. In a way, we are: The surfaces of our cells teem with a unique array of antigens that identify us and prevent our own immune systems, under normal circumstances, from attacking those cells. She filed her patent in 1966, and it includes innovations still used today. Perhaps the most well-known Cuban innovation is the vaccine CimaVax. Try this: Check out the Hour of Code program to learn how kids of all ages can learn computer coding in fun and easy ways. From illegally installing rooftop radio antennas to record American music to hotwiring antique cars, Cubans are ingenious at figuring out workarounds to barriers that would otherwise keep them decades behind their neighbors. After the war, he worked on the first proton linear accelerator and was awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize in physics for his work with elementary particles [sources: Encyclopaedia Britannica; PBS; Sullivan; Wohl]. Shes also known for the invention of closed-circuit TV. Try it: If you can get your hands on an old computer thats no longer needed, deconstruct it with your class to learn about the pieces and parts inside. The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. Sep. 29, 2006. The electric engine from the widely-owned Soviet Aurika washing machine is commonly repurposed. Known for: Edison and Teslas rivalry is well-known. Andy Ruiz is one of the first to produce 360-degree video in Cuba. Photo by Edel Rodriguez.Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers. Known for: Edison is one of the most famous inventors of all time. Before Argentine physician and biochemist Luis Federico Leloir did his groundbreaking research into the transformation of one sugar into another, combustion was well-understood, but synthesis remained a mysterious, largely guessed-at phenomenon. Try this: Visit thrift shops to find an old panini press, then turn it into a printing press. Heres the technology that helped scientists find itand what it may have been used for. Many Cubans have relatives in the U.S., so relying on outside parts is common. Unfortunately, the resulting soup of B cells and immunoglobulin is unsuited to targeted research. (July 4, 2014) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/18131/Luis-W-Alvarez, Frierson, J. Gordon. (July 4, 2014) http://www.dailycal.org/2014/06/17/frank-asaro-uc-berkeley-nuclear-chemist-dies-age-86/, Milstein, Csar. Mexican inventor Victor Ochoa was also a Mexican revolutionary. Mndez was also the first person of African heritage in space. Brilliant, bold, and brave, his inventions revolutionised the industry and changed the face of commercial cars forever . Together with the linear accelerators that he helped pioneer, these revolutionized the discovery of elemental particles, which he and his team discovered by the truckload [sources: Encyclopaedia Britannica; Nobel Prize; PBS; Sullivan; Wohl]. Carlos Juan Finlay, the Cuban physician who first linked yellow fever to mosquitoes in 1881, has received both tributes. Since 2006, Cuba has had a drug for foot ulcers called Heberprot-P that prevents the need for amputations. Why wetlands are so critical for life on Earth, Rest in compost? In 2006 Palmaz earned a place in the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Given the thousands of lives he saved and the decades of scorn he endured, we'd say he deserved them. He tested its efficacy in children against diffuse pontine glioma (aggressive and difficult-to-treat brain tumors) across multiple sites in Canada and the U.S., and found that the drug wasnt effective. Jan. 1, 2013. Steve Wozniak (1950-present) and Steve Jobs (1955-2011) Known for: "Woz and Jobs" are two of the most famous inventors of the 20th century. "Nobel Lecture: My Life with O3, NOX and other YZOXs." Photo by Ernesto Oroza. (July 4, 2014) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/houssay-bio.html, Leloir, Luis. He shared the award with George D. Snell, who uncovered the initial evidence for the MHC in the 1940s in mice, and Jean Dausset, the first to find a human compatibility antigen [sources: Benacerraf; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Nobel Prize]. Top 100 famous female inventors in history 1. "Award Ceremony Speech: Luis Alvarez." All you need to make it is a light rum, Coca-Cola, and a little bit of lime for garnish. in the subject to his philosophy master's degree and law degree, all from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) [sources: Anthropology News; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Gaillard; Smithsonian]. "Baruj Benacerraf." Ruiz pays contacts in the U.S. to buy and bring the necessary technology to Havana. 8. When does spring start? Thousands of students graduate with information technology degrees each year, but there are few jobs. Learn more: The Lumire Brothers, Pioneers of Cinema. He also developed Morse Code: a system of dots and dashes used to send these messages. These animals can sniff it out. Alcohol and tobacco use, as well as human papillomavirus, are major risk factors of the diseases. Today, yellow fever afflicts roughly 200,000 and kills 30,000 people annually, mostly in African areas lacking vaccines. His father hailed from Spanish Morocco, but he was greatly influenced by his French-Algerian mother's culture. George Washington Carver, though famous for his idea of peanut butter, did far more than that. 1970. Recruited by Booker T. Washington for the Tuskegee Institute, George did extensive work and study on agriculture. But that is just tip of the iceberg. VSSP, originally designed as a compound to help boost the immune response to vaccines, also appears to enhance the anti-cancer immune response. By combining these cells with immortal myeloma cells, Milstein and postdoc Georges Khler produced large amounts of long-lived, identical (monoclonal) antibodies. Music isnt the only art form transforming as Cuba opens. At home, he's building a Roomba vacuum from scratch. Rum And Coke Rum and coke, also known as Cuba Libre, was invented after Cuba gained independence after the Spanish-American War. More Americans die from lung cancer than from any other type of cancer, which is why many people are eager for CimaVax to hit the U.S. market soon. Known for: In his work as a professional scene painter for the opera, Daguerre began experimenting with camera obscura for painting large backdrops. There were major hurdles facing Cubas entry into the technologically advancing world. Born in 1889 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Charles Terres Weymann would go on to become a leading light in coachwork technology, his designs featuring on many of the finest automobiles of his era. Though he created the device, which allows scientist to examine living cells, in 1948, its still considered a crucial scientific tool to this day. The VSSP research is so preliminary that Cuban scientists' documents still have to be translated from Spanish into English, says Dr. Kelvin Lee, chair of Roswell Park's department of immunology. Cuban artist Ernesto Orza has spent the last decade photographing and collecting many of these creations. In 1993, astronaut Ellen Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go to space. Try this: Use an app like Roblox to design and create your own video game experience. Thanks to Milsteins work, monoclonal antibodies are now used in everything from diagnostic tests to the treatments of several autoimmune diseases to alleviating COVID-19. This list may not reflect recent changes . Known for: Kids may not give a lot of thought to cataracts, but they should still know about Dr. Bath. On the rooftop of Flauta Magica bar and restaurant, DJ Joan Coffigny spins deep house music. Closely following them are Galileo, Pythagoras, Marie Curie, Charles Darwin and Nicola Tesla. Perhaps the most well-known Cuban innovation is the vaccine CimaVax. After earning his medical degree from the University of Buenos Aires, he worked at the Institute of Physiology with Bernardo Houssay. (July 4, 2010) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/speedread.html, Parodi, Armando. "Alfonso Caso y Andrade (1896 - 1970)." Learn more: Ann Tsukamoto, Necessity is the Mother of Invention. She was the first Hispanic president of the American Public Health Association as well as a founding member of the Committee to End Sterilization Abuse, an organization that fought against the practice of forced sterilization. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. His impact was felt through his extensive papers, his widely published textbook, "Human Physiology," and his organization of the Institute of Physiology at the University of Buenos Aires, which produced such medical luminaries as Luis Leloir and Csar Milstein, both on this list [sources: Magill; Houssay; USASEF]. "Award Ceremony Speech: Luis Leloir." A new field of biochemistry opened up virtually overnight, and Leloir received the 1970 Nobel Prize in chemistry [sources: Myrbck; Parodi]. Read on to find out more about some of the famous Cubans who have taken their culture around the world. "Renowned Venezuelan Expert on Leprosy Jacinto Convit Dies." 1: Franklin Chang-Daz (1950-) and Ellen Ochoa (1958-), Anthropology News. who was a sun goddess in early irish mythology; famous cuban inventors. Page 3. His methods were so successful they led to an abundance of peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes, and he spent much of his life coming up with new uses for them. His best-known invention, the Ochoaplane was a small flying machine with collapsible wings. As economic and diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Cuba continue to normalize, here's hoping that these promising Cuban medical treatments can be investigated fully in the U.S. Americans have been waiting long enough. Read more about Cuban inventions in How communism turned Cuba into an island of hackers and DIY engineers. Ernesto Lecuona, often regarded as the greatest Cuban composer Esteban Salas y Castro, 18th century Cuban baroque composer Gonzalo Roig, often regarded as one of the greatest composers of Cuba, "Quiere me mucho"/ Cecilia Valdez Ignacio Cervantes, Chopinesque piano composer Jos White Lafitte, violinist and composer In 1947, he established the Institute for Biochemical Research, Buenos Aires, where he began the lactose, or milk sugar, research that would lead to his great breakthrough [sources: Leloir; May]. He was the first African-American to hold a patent for a process known as dry scouring. Today, we call it dry cleaning. Travis Daub is Director of Digital at PBS NewsHour. Instead, he gave the world the concept of crop rotation. onenote change background color; rolfe reflective model 2001 reference; tommy welch chicago fire actor; meath ireland pronunciation; texas railroad commission well search by operator 6. Known for: Fulton got his start as an artist, but it was his interest in steam engines that turned him into one of the most famous inventors. Convits vaccines for leprosy and leishmaniasis are no longer in use, and the search continues for universally effective and acceptable vaccines for both diseases. We like to view ourselves as special snowflakes, as one-of-a-kind as our fingerprints. Learn more: Biography of Johannes Gutenberg, German Inventor of the Printing Press (ThoughtCo). Learn more: Thomas Jefferson: Inventions & Accomplishments. (July 3, 2014) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/, Nobel Prize. Part of HuffPost Wellness. Learn more: Thomas Jennings, Smithsonian Magazine. Known for: Woz and Jobs are two of the most famous inventors of the 20th century. Underground DJs like Joan Coffigny and the female duo Pauza spin at clubs like the Fabrica de Arte Cubano and house parties. Vol. An enduring early sex symbol, the Spanish-American actress, singer, and dancer starred in more than 60 films over nearly four decades. Nowhere is the old adage about necessity breeding innovation more true than in Cuba. Known for: When the Wright Flyer I took off from Kitty Hawk and flew for 12 seconds, the Wright brothers made history! Learn more: Madam C. J. Walker Official Website. Known for: Gutenberg was the first European to invent the printing press. 25. Experiment with the classic tin can telephone, Put together a blood model using beads or candies, Grace Murray HopperA Legacy of Innovation and Service, The Farmboy Who Invented Television (Smithsonian Magazine), learning how to build your own door alarm, Ralph H. Baer, National Center for Simulation, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, Lemelson-MIT, deconstruct it with your class to learn about the pieces and parts inside, Ann Tsukamoto, Necessity is the Mother of Invention, Watch this video to learn more about stem cells, Check out this video to learn more about the Smart Grid, all the devices that use USB ports and technology, 16 wonderful women scientists to inspire your students, get all the latest teaching tips and ideas when you sign up for our free newsletters, 12 Tips, Tricks, and Tools for Creating Amazing Flipped Classroom Videos, 15 Memes That Show What Its Like to Teach the Week of Halloween. Surgery is the primary way to treat most head and neck tumors, but these procedures can severely affect people's ability to chew, swallow or talk. Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. Try this: Find an old CRT TV or monitor and learn how cathode ray tubes work using a strong magnet. Instead of washing out of the sky through rainfall or oxidation, they floated into the upper stratosphere, where solar ultraviolet radiation broke them apart and set off an ozone-destroying chemical reaction. These ulcers can become vulnerable to gangrene (tissue death), and in a worst-case scenario can result in toe, foot or leg amputations. For this reason is it hardly enjoyable for anyone involved, Oroza says. While much of Maldacenas work is tough reading for non-physicists, he has also written several explanations of his work on quantum theory for general audiences, including a popular 2007 Scientific American article tantalizingly entitled The Illusion of Gravity.. After studying robotics in art school, Yusnier Mentado Fernndez started working on his own creations using processors from Italy. Today, the world recognizes Cuban doctor and scientist Carlos Juan Finlay as a pioneer in the study of yellow fever. Vol. The new year once started in Marchhere's why, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, How cosmic rays helped find a tunnel in Egypt's Great Pyramid, Who first rode horses? Biographies of famous latin or hispanic inventors from the latin world: Narciso Monturiol, Ellen Ochoa, Baruj Benacerraf, Carlos Finlay, Bernardo Houssay, Luis Federico Leloir, Milstein, Severo Ochoa de Albornoz, Santiago Ram Cajal and Miguel Servet. (July 9, 2014) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892770/.