Riverside County Property Tax Due Dates 2021, Chemeketa Baseball Roster 2022, Articles C

The brain and the spinal cord are the primary organs of the central nervous system.The nerves and ganglia are the primary components of the peripheral nervous system. . After they are cut the proximal severed end of the axon sprouts and one of the sprouts will find the endoneurium which is, essentially, an empty tube leading to (or near) the original target. Another type of sensory ganglia, are the ones that are found in the cranial nerves. The trigeminal ganglion is the largest of the cranial nerve ganglia. Testing for neurological function involves a series of tests of functions associated with the cranial nerves. Marginal mandibular: Draws your lower lip down (like a frown) and . The information enters the ganglia, excites the neuron in the ganglia and then exits. The remainder of the nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers. Calderon-Miranda WG, Alvis-Miranda HR, Alcala-Cerra G, M Rubiano A, Moscote-Salazar LR. With invertebrates, ganglia often do the work of a brain. Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD Motor ganglia contain irregularly shaped cell bodies. Motor ganglia also send information to the central nervous system from these organs. The basal ganglia are best known for how they help your brain control your bodys movements. The trigeminal nerve is also called cranial nerve V. Function The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the 12 cranial nerves. paravertebral ganglia, are the autonomic ganglia of the SNS. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. Three other autonomic ganglia that are related to the sympathetic chain are the prevertebral ganglia, which are located outside of the chain but have similar functions. These are: Their preganglionic fibers are short, because the sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) towards which sympathetic preganglionic fibers travel, is found very close to their origin point in the spinal cord. Cranial Nerve Ganglion (not all CN have) is analogous to the dorsal root ganglion, except that it is associated with a cranial nerve, instead of a spinal nerve (associated with the spinal cord). inferior salivatory nucleus of the brainstem synapse in the otic ganglion. This gives rise to tear and mucus production respectively. 13.2 Ganglia and Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event. This lets you control certain muscles without also using other muscles that are nearby. Terminal ganglia below the head and neck are often incorporated into the wall of the target organ as a plexus. A., Muniak, M. A., & Ryugo, D. K. (2011). Cranial nerve pathways | Osmosis Conversely, motor cranial nerves help control muscle movements in. In this category we have two distinct groups: Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons originate in the nucleus ambiguus and the dorsal motor nucleus of the brainstem. Some parts of the basal ganglia can also relay signals from different areas. Ganglion - Physiopedia Sensory ganglia contain unipolar sensory neurons and are found on the dorsal root of all spinal nerves as well as associated with many of the cranial nerves. Overview of nervous system disorders. . Dorsal root ganglia contain clusters of sensory neuron cell bodies which transmit messages relating to pain, touch, and temperature from the PNS, towards the CNS. Human dorsal root ganglia. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Most of the bodys sensory neurons are contained here. This type of arrangement in found in a number of invertebrate phyla, and contrasts with the vertebrates, who have their spinal cord above (dorsal to) their gut. Causes of Resting Tremors in Parkinson's Disease, Bilateral traumatic basal ganglia hemorrhage associated with epidural hematoma: Case report and literature review. This involves the dermatome supplied by the sensory nerve affected. The neurons of cranial nerve ganglia are also unipolar in shape with associated satellite cells. Ganglia: Definition, location, function | Kenhub What Are Glial Cells and What Do They Do? Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body. It is often the result of the olfactory nerve being severed, usually because of blunt force trauma to the head. Motor ganglia are part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). A good mnemonic to remember the parasympathetic ganglia is: "Cats Prefer Sexy Owners". . This lets you control certain muscles without also using other muscles that are nearby. Buccal: Allows you to move your nose, blink and raise your upper lip and corners of your mouth to make a smile. These three layers are similar to the connective tissue sheaths for muscles. As the replacement of olfactory neurons declines with age, anosmia can set in. Three of the nerves are solely composed of sensory fibers; five are strictly motor; and the remaining four are mixed nerves. E. L. Mancall, D. G. Brock: Grays Clinical Anatomy: The Anatomic Basis for Clinical Neuroscience, 1st edition, Elsevier Saunders (2011), Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, Adam. Its main function is transmitting sensory information to the. Cell. It contains cell bodies of sensory fibers that transmit the sensation of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Bull Emerg Trauma. Zygomatic: Helps you close your eyes. glial cell), and a protective connective tissue layer. The former tend to be located Being in the brain, they are part of the central nervous system, not the peripheral nervous system, as other ganglia are. lacrimal and superior salivatory nuclei of the brainstem send fibers in the pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion. Cranial Nerves - The Definitive Guide | Biology Dictionary Neuroanatomy, Geniculate Ganglion. The loss of vision comes from swelling around the optic nerve, which probably presented as a bulge on the inside of the eye. Because peripheral axons are surrounded by an endoneurium it is possible for severed axons to regenerated. the peripheral nervous system). Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves. The terminal ganglia that receive input from cranial nerves are found in the head and neck, as well as the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities, whereas the terminal ganglia that receive sacral input are in the lower abdominal and pelvic cavities. The Peripheral Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology Unlike in the SNS, pathways in the ANS are composed of two neurons. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! This is a semilunar ganglion (also known as Gassers ganglio) that contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers that provide sensory innervation to the larger part of the head. The parasympathetic nervous system is thus referred to as the craniosacral outflow. Available from: Nayagam, B. Those are called mixed nerves. Figure 13.4. Bundles of axons in the PNS are referred to as nerves. Available from: de Castro DC, Marrone LC. Often, the only way to enjoy food is to add seasoning that can be sensed on the tongue, which usually means adding table salt. All rights reserved. The dorsal root ganglia (DRG), cranial nerve ganglia, and autonomic ganglia (AG) are the three types of PNS ganglia while the basal ganglia in the brain and retinal ganglion in the retina are the two types of CNS ganglia. The endoneurium surrounding individual nerve fibers is comparable to the endomysium surrounding myofibrils, the perineurium bundling axons into fascicles is comparable to the perimysium bundling muscle fibers into fascicles, and the epineurium surrounding the whole nerve is comparable to the epimysium surrounding the muscle. 12.5: Cranial Nerves - Medicine LibreTexts Many but not all conditions that affect the basal ganglia are preventable. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are long because parasympathetic ganglia, towards which parasympathetic preganglionic fibers travel, tend to lie near or within the peripheral organs that they innervate. If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. The hypoglossal nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of the lower throat and tongue. The other major category of ganglia are those of the autonomic nervous system, which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face and controlling the muscles of mastication. By Steph Coelho Figure 2: Location of the branchial motor and somatic motor cranial nerve nuclei. The neurons from the By the end of this section, you will be able to: A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery (a.k.a. Sympathetic chain ganglia receive their input from the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord and are involved in the relay of information relating to The sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium have a limited lifespan of approximately one to four months, and new ones are made on a regular basis. The glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX, is the ninth paired cranial nerve. She specializes in covering general wellness and chronic illness. Cranial nerve ganglia contain the cell bodies of cranial nerve neurons. View the University of Michigan WebScope at http://virtualslides.med.umich.edu/Histology/Basic%20Tissues/Nervous%20Tissue/065-2_HISTO_40X.svs/view.apml to explore the tissue sample in greater detail. Read this article about a man who wakes with a headache and a loss of vision. The cranial nerve nuclei The cranial nerve nuclei are made up of the neurons in the brainstem that receive primary sensory inputs or that give rise to motor outputs. Q. Internal organs: These include prevertebral ganglia and terminal ganglia. They have connective tissues invested in their structure, as well as blood vessels supplying the tissues with nourishment. The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves are both responsible for conveying gustatory, or taste, sensations as well as controlling salivary glands. (2019). The roots of cranial nerves are within the, most common type of sensory ganglia. M. A. Patestas, L. P. Gartner: Neuroanatomy, Blackwell Publishing (2006). Chapter 1: Neuroanatomical Foundations of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology. Ganglia can be categorized, for the most part, as either sensory ganglia or autonomic ganglia, referring to their primary functions. While best known for their role in controlling your bodys ability to move, experts now know they also play a role in several other functions, such as learning, emotional processing and more. The vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for the senses of hearing and balance. Autonomic ganglia are in the sympathetic chain, the associated paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia, or in terminal ganglia near or within the organs controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Though experts continue to uncover more about the inner workings of the basal ganglia, theres much about them that remains unknown. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 08/05/2022. The cell bodies of somatic sensory and visceral sensory neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves, and on the ganglia of selected cranial nerves. The neurons of these autonomic ganglia are multipolar in shape, with dendrites radiating out around the cell body where synapses from the spinal cord neurons are made. larynx, pharynx, and soft palate. The ophthalmologist recognizes a greater problem and immediately sends him to the emergency room. Figure 4: Somatic sensory pathway of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V). From here, it innervates its Glial (pronounced glee-uhl) cells have many different purposes, helping develop and maintain neurons when youre young, and managing how the neurons work throughout your entire life. They have also sympathetic functions but they are not part of the sympathetic chain, rather are close to the splachnic nerves that follow the main Motor axons connect to skeletal muscles of the head or neck. The trochlear nerve and the abducens nerve are both responsible for eye movement, but do so by controlling different extraocular muscles. The most common type of sensory ganglion is a dorsal (posterior) root ganglion. Ganglia are groups of nerves, typically with related functions, that meet up inside a capsule of connective tissue. What is glaucoma? [Updated 2020 Jul 31]. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System, Chapter 12. For example, the trigeminal ganglion is superficial to the temporal bone whereas its associated nerve is attached to the mid-pons region of the brain stem. The contraction of extraocular muscles is being tested, which is the function of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves. For example, the enteric plexus is the extensive network of axons and neurons in the wall of the small and large intestines. aortic branches to innervate all organs found in the abdominal and pelvic cavities (with the exception of the adrenal gland). central nervous system (CNS), must traverse a synapse onto a postganglionic neuron in the PNS. Neural - Cranial Nerve Development - Embryology - UNSW Sites They form a part of the extrapyramidal motor system and work in tandem with the pyramidal and limbic systems . Meningitis will include swelling of those protective layers of the CNS, resulting in pressure on the optic nerve, which can compromise vision. Nerves to cranial nerves II, III IV, VI and IX. trigeminal ganglion: The trigeminal ganglion (also called the Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or Gasser's ganglion) is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) that occupies a cavity (Meckel's cave) in the dura mater, covering the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. This can apply to nervous tissue (as in this instance) or structures containing blood vessels (such as a choroid plexus). As with the vagus nerve, the The Peripheral Nervous System, Chapter 18. A nerve ganglion is a group of nerves with similar or related functions that serves as a relay station or connection point for different nervous system structures. Treatments are also available for heavy metal poisoning. Many of the neural structures that are incorporated into other organs are features of the digestive system; these structures are known as the enteric nervous system and are a special subset of the PNS. MedlinePlus. Kenhub. Because the basal ganglia involve processes like emotions, motivation and habits, they also affect how you learn and how you feel in response to things happening around you. This page titled 12.5: Cranial Nerves is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Whitney Menefee, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, & Kim-Leiloni Nguyen (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative) . Without the sense of smell, many sufferers complain of food tasting bland. 2014;2(3):130-132. Well look at each segment in turn. Each neuron consists of the following: Neuron connections are incredibly complex, and the dendrites on a single neuron may connect to thousands of other synapses. The parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. They are the trigeminal (CNV), facial (CNVII), glossopharyngeal (CNIX), and vagus (CNX) nerves. An exercise to help learn this sort of information is to generate a mnemonic using words that have personal significance. The neurons of cranial nerve ganglia are also unipolar in shape with associated satellite cells. Key Terms. I give my consent to Physiopedia to be in touch with me via email using the information I have provided in this form for the purpose of news, updates and marketing. The parts of your brain that process information from your senses, namely sight, sound, smell, taste and touch, also send that information to your basal ganglia. Chickenpox is caused by primary infection with the varicella-zoster virus. The vagus nerve primarily targets autonomic ganglia in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. . Ganglia are of two types, sensory or autonomic. Nerves are composed of more than just nervous tissue. Fibers from the nucleus ambiguus synapse in the What are the 12 cranial nerves? Functions and diagram - Medical News Today spinal nerves, and on the ganglia of selected cranial nerves. Here, the preganglionic neuron, found in the Superior and inferior ganglia of the vagus nerve, Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia), Parasympathetic ganglia related to head and neck, Parasympathetic ganglia related to the rest of the body. OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology (CC BY 4.0). Note that nerve roots are not surrounded by the pia mater, and as such are part of the peripheral nervous system. Sensory ganglia, or dorsal root ganglia, send sensory information to the central nervous system. The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. There are two types of autonomic ganglia: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic based on their functions. Bilateral traumatic basal ganglia hemorrhage associated with epidural hematoma: Case report and literature review. 23 pairs of ganglia can be found: 3 in the cervical region (which fuse to create the superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglions), 12 in the thoracic region, 4 in the lumbar region, four in the sacral region, and a single, and the unpaired ganglion impar mentioned above. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92777/). Though the enteric nervous system receives input originating from central neurons of the autonomic nervous system, it does not require CNS input to function. Which cranial nerve does not control organs in the head and neck? Post-infection, this virus lies dormant within the dorsal root ganglia. A type of sensory ganglion is a cranial nerve ganglion. They consist of a paired chain of ganglia found ventral and lateral to the spinal cord. Hence known as sensory ganglia. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. pancreas (stimulating the release of pancreatic enzymes and buffer), and in Meissners submucosal and Auerbachs myenteric plexus along the gastrointestinal tract (stimulating digestion and releasing sphincter muscles). 2. Some deal with motor function (movement), some deal with sensory information (touch, taste, smell, vision, hearing, temperature), and some deal with both. The nerves attached to the brain are the cranial nerves, which are primarily responsible for the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck (with the exception of one that targets organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities as part of the parasympathetic nervous system). Reviewer: The basal ganglia are separate structures that link up in various ways. The basal ganglia arent actually all ganglia. The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) - Course - TeachMeAnatomy In the head and neck there are four Lets take a look at their structure and location within the body. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, cranial nerve X, or simply CN X, is a cranial nerve that carries sensory fibers that create a pathway that interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.It comprises two nervesthe left and right vagus nervesbut they are typically referred to collectively as a single subsystem. The PNS is composed of the groups of neurons (ganglia) and bundles of axons (nerves) that are outside of the brain and spinal cord. The rich sensory experience of food is the result of odor molecules associated with the food, both as food is moved into the mouth, and therefore passes under the nose, and when it is chewed and molecules are released to move up the pharynx into the posterior nasal cavity. The names of the nerves have changed over the years to reflect current usage and more accurate naming. The sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves, directly correspond to the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves and are known as cranial nerve ganglia. Axons from the rostral gustatory solitary nucleus project to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus VPM and ultimately terminate, both crossed and uncrossed, at the neocortex, the gustatory . Otic Ganglion: Anatomy, Function, and Treatment - Verywell Health Lab 4 - Cranial Nerve and Neuromodulatory Nuclei of the Brainstem The optic nerve enters the CNS in its projection from the eyes in the periphery, which means that it crosses through the meninges. [6], Get Top Tips Tuesday and The Latest Physiopedia updates, The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. Steph Coelho is a freelance health writer, web producer, and editor based in Montreal. The basal ganglia (pronounced bay-sal gang-lee-uh) are a group of structures near the center of your brain that form important connections. They are part of the peripheral nervous system and carry nerve signals to and from the central nervous system. A. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. A ganglion is a collection of neuronal bodies found in the somatic and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The other major category of ganglia are those of the autonomic nervous system, which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. 12: Central and Peripheral Nervous System, { "12.01:_Introduction_to_the_Central_and_Peripheral_Nervous_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.02:_Support_and_Protection_of_the_Brain" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.03:_Brain-_Cerebrum" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.04:_Brain-_Diencephalon_Brainstem_Cerebellum_and_Limbic_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.05:_Cranial_Nerves" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12.06:_Spinal_Cord_and_Spinal_Nerves" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_An_Introduction_to_the_Human_Body" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Cellular_Level_of_Organization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Tissue_Level_of_Organization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Integumentary_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Bone_Tissue_and_Skeletal_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Axial_Skeleton" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Appendicular_Skeleton" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Joints" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Muscular_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Nervous_System_and_Nervous_Tissue" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Central_and_Peripheral_Nervous_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Somatic_Senses_Integration_and_Motor_Responses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Autonomic_Nervous_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Endocrine_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Cardiovascular_System_-_Blood" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Cardiovascular_System_-_Heart" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Cardiovascular_System_-_Blood_Vessels_and_Circulation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Lymphatic_and_Immune_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Respiratory_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Digestive_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22:_Urinary_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23:_Reproductive_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "vagus nerve", "optic nerve", "abducens nerve", "cranial nerve", "cranial nerve ganglion", "endoneurium", "epineurium", "facial nerve", "fascicle", "glossopharyngeal nerve", "hypoglossal nerve", "oculomotor nerve", "perineurium", "trigeminal ganglion", "trigeminal nerve", "trochlear nerve", "license:ccby", "showtoc:no", "source[1]-med-711", "source[2]-med-711", "program:oeri", "vestibulocochlear nerve", "accessory nerve", "authorname:humananatomyoeri" ], https://med.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology%2FHuman_Anatomy_(OERI)%2F12%253A_Central_and_Peripheral_Nervous_System%2F12.05%253A_Cranial_Nerves, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Reedley College, Butte College, Pasadena City College, & Mt.