Illesteva Lisbon Sunglasses Dupe, Chris Moore Radio Show, St Neots Tidy Tip Booking, Labradoodle Puppies Wisconsin Sale $500, Mcclure Twins Lipstick Alley, Articles U

US pipeline maintenance rules are covered in Code of Federal Regulations(CFR) sections, 49 CFR 192 for natural gas pipelines, and 49 CFR 195 for petroleum liquid pipelines. If you are responding to a 911 call about a strange odor or leak, find a pipeline marker or sign to identify the pipeline product and operator. Houston Public Works. Open ditches of units should have a bypass either to the CRWS or to storm water, drains of offsite. These are places where the underground soil is entrenched in highly saline water. So, to maintain the mechanical integrity of the plastic pipe, It is a logical option to bury the firewater plastic pipe and running across the installation. City of Enumclaw. Applying coating and wrapping to steel pipes. Approximately 670 km long, TC Energy's Coastal GasLink pipeline will deliver about 2 billion cubic feet per day of natural gas from producing areas in northeastern B.C. While we know of no instances where FERC has denied a new gas pipeline application, there are instances where the pipeline route has changed due to environmental, safety, or other concerns brought to light during the FERC proceedings. Transmission pipeline sizes are Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. Underground pipelines are one of the safest means of transportation of crude oil, gas and water. 16 Types of Pipelines and their Construction Method, Precast Cement Concrete Blocks in Masonry Construction, Types of Foundation for Buildings and their Uses [PDF], Compressive Strength of Concrete -Cube Test [PDF], Procedure, Results, 16 Types of Heavy Equipment Used in Construction, Calculate Quantities of Materials for Concrete -Cement, Sand, Aggregates, Methods of Rainwater Harvesting [PDF]: Components, Transportation, and Storage, How to Maintain a Brick Chimney for Maximum Efficiency, A Shining Future: The Benefits of Solar Energy, What You Should Know Before Installing Mud Flooring, All the Basics on Concrete Anchors: Functions, Installation, and Types. This system consists of a fire hydrant network around a process unit or equipment, with branches as required for hydrants or monitors to protect the unit in case of fire. Underground Construction / January 2023 Vol. Pipelines are the only practical means of transportation of natural gas over land since the other methods such as truck and train are considerably expensive. Buried pipe is less vulnerable to accident damage (e.g. Mapping, GIS, and WellSTAR. Pipelines operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The map includes: Gas and hazardous liquid pipelines Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. distances across countries and continents. Russia was accused of using the dispute as leverage in its attempt to keep other powers, and particularly the European Union, from interfering in its "near abroad". Any valve for isolation of a part of the cooling water system shall be enclosed in a valve pit. u-LOCATE Pipe & Cable Locator Learn More. The file that was current as of 8-26-2022 is available here. At least sixty-six people were reported to have been killed. Join TheConstructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. for: 1- Sewer System2- Portable Water Piping3- Electrical Cables4- Telecommunication Cables. Above ground, cathodic protection is not an option. Pipelines are generally laid underground because temperature is less variable. What makes up this transportation network? What is the tolerance for compression test results of concrete, according to the standards? Join now! Some of the most common underground piping standards are: When untreated water comes in contact with above-ground carbon steel or lined carbon steel pipes, it becomes a source of corrosion and undermines the integrity of the firewater system. We have installed over 20,000 miles of the Tite Liner system from 2 inches to 52 inches in diameter - with operating pressures up to 7,500 psi - in more than 30 countries worldwide. A flexible fiberglass rodder is the most common tool used to find these kinds of pipes, which can either have a traceable wire that's fitted inside or a traceable sonde that's fitted onto one end. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Please enter your email address. They are protected from nesting birds, rutting mammals, and stray buckshot. In case underground route is selected, electrical and instrument engineers shall be consulted for the optimum layout of ducts by the plant layout engineer. Underground pipelines are continuous large-diameter piping systems used to transport natural resources and industrial products (Batey, 2015). This is generally a buried system with protective wrapping and coating or with cathodic protection or both. In Canada, pipelines are regulated by either the provincial regulators or, if they cross provincial boundaries or the CanadaUS border, by the National Energy Board (NEB). Where do hydrocarbon gas liquids come from? Local distribution companies deliver natural gas to consumers through small-diameter, lower pressure service lines. Underground pipeline systems (also known as buried pipelines) are being increasingly used for conveying irrigation water on the farm. (2 June 2022). Similarly, it is often more economically feasible to transport natural gas in the form of LNG, however the break-even point between LNG and pipelines would depend on the volume of natural gas and the distance it travels.[10]. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. The wastewater is brought here by the pipelines and through tankers. Our potholing services will survey your property to identify the most likely location for your underground utility lines, then dig a test hole to expose your pipelines. Draining, and cleaning buried pipes is difficult compared to an aboveground pipe. [38] The construction and maintenance of marine pipelines imply logistical challenges that are different from those onland, mainly because of wave and current dynamics, along with other geohazards. Underground pipelines are exposed to significant compressive stresses associated with the load exerted by the weight of the soil, pipeline and pipeline contents. Pipeline markersdo notidentify the exact location of a pipeline and should not be used to locate pipelines prior to excavation. An example of an aboveground pipeline is the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, which began in 1975 after the discovery of the United States' largest oil strike, at Prudhoe Bay north of Alaska, in 1968. You can use NPMS to obtain contact information for transmission pipeline operators. Benzene typically makes up 0.1 1.0% of oil and will have varying degrees of volatility and dissolution based on environmental factors. They move crude oil from oil fields on land and offshore to refineries where it is turned into fuels and other products, then from the refineries to terminals where fuels are trucked to retail outlets. Operator contact information typically includes the operators name, product transported, contact name and phone number. Pipelines usually consist of sections of pipe made of . It is a very important part of the modern civilization that has now been used for millennia for the movement of water. Above-ground pipelines are also intermittently buried in roads and railway crossings. Stanford researchers develop a better way to detect underground water leaks. [23] The 1938 Rhine-Ruhr 240-kilometre (150mi) hydrogen pipeline is still in operation. link to Online Pipeline Stress Analysis Course using Caesar II for Beginners, link to What is Fillet Welding? Types of pipelines based on the method of construction include underground pipelines, above-ground pipeline, elevated pipeline, offshore and underwater Pipeline. [48] Additionally, the exposure of livestock, mainly cattle, to benzene has been shown to cause many health issues, such as neurotoxicity, fetal damage and fatal poisoning. Ive Heard that Hydraulic Fracturing is Linked to Cancer. The SCADA system at the Main Control Room receives all the field data and presents it to the pipeline operator through a set of screens or Human Machine Interface, showing the operational conditions of the pipeline. The National Pipeline Mapping System (NPMS) Public Viewer from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration allows users to view pipelines and related information by individual county for the entire United States. Filtration, disinfection and storage. It can successfully avoid obstacles within a certain radius of the ground, and can work in clay, sand and other stratums underground. "Smart pigs" (also known as "intelligent" or "intelligence" pigs) are used to detect anomalies in the pipe such as dents, metal loss caused by corrosion, cracking or other mechanical damage. Amazing!This information worth it. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must log in to ask a question. How Many Jobs Has the Oil and Natural Gas Industry Created? Internal corrosion of gas pipelines occurs when the pipe surface reacts with a combination of contaminants (e.g., moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chlorides and sulfur compounds) present in gas. Country The system shall be designed as per P&ID and the effluent collected from equipment through funnel points and underground piping system shall be connected to the underground CBD drum. Contaminated and Uncontaminated stormwater. The other technique to safely and fastly locate underground utilities is by using vacuum excavation. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. river or a stream. Liquid Effluent to the Effluent Treatment Plant. How Much Water Does Hydraulic Fracturing Use? Good engineering practice, local code / regulations, specific client requirements shall govern the design of the underground piping system in the plant. Enbridge in Canada is applying to reverse an oil pipeline going from east-to-west (Line 9) and expanding it and using it to ship western Canadian bitumen oil eastward. Cardinal FG. They connect to issues of geopolitics and international security as well, and the construction, placement, and control of oil and gas pipelines often figure prominently in state interests and actions. Invert elevations of lines at the process battery limit. Generally, such pipelines are installed underground few meters beneath the cities and streets based on frost line of the location and the need for protection against accidental damage. Slurry pipelines are sometimes used to transport coal or ore from mines. They connect producing areas to refineries and chemical plants while delivering the products American consumers and businesses need. Credit for the development of pipeline transport belongs indisputably to the Oil Transport Association, which first constructed a 2-inch (51mm) wrought iron pipeline over a 6-mile (9.7km) track from an oil field in Pennsylvania to a railroad station in Oil Creek, in the 1860s. Which states consume and produce the most natural gas? Following is the list of the most commonly used acceptable coatings and wrappings with approximate pipe surface temperature limitations: Tape wrap is often selected when small quantities of buried piping require protection because it is relatively inexpensive and easy to apply in the field. In places, a pipeline may have to cross water expanses, such as small seas, straits and rivers. He also contributes to chemical engineering articles on other popular professional and engineering platforms such as LinkedIn & whatispiping.com. Joining pipes together either before or after they are lowered into the trench, Fig. Because pipelines are usually metal, this helps to reduce the expansion and shrinkage that can occur with weather changes. Testing in accordance with ASTM D695 indicates a coating's ability to resist failure when axially stressed under compression. The normal compacted earth cover shall be 1200 mm over the top of the pipeline. [25] These chain pumps serviced the imperial palaces and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps was brought in by a stoneware pipe system.[25][26]. Regional energy information including dashboards, maps, data, and analyses. 102 permitting, Ch. Click the button below to access the application. Plastic pipes have great resistance to abrasion, chemical influence and are easy to handle. Pipelines typically cost more than roads or open channels. Acids, caustics, hydrocarbons, rainwater or other chemical waste shall not be discharged to this system. In the reduced-scope worst-case exposure scenario, the volume of a pinhole leak at 1.5% of max flow-rate for 14 days has been estimated at 189,000 barrels or 7.9 million gallons of oil. This system collects surface drainage from areas containing hydrocarbon bearing equipment. damages. Even with pipeline leak volumes within SCADA detection limits, sometimes pipeline leaks are misinterpreted by pipeline operators to be pump malfunctions, or other problems. [69] In 2019, a fuel pipeline north of Mexico City exploded after fuel thieves tapped into the line. Although pipelines can be built under the sea, that process is economically and technically demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by tanker ships. ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}, Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes which are usually buried. "Pipeline Permit(Oil and Gas).". It is particularly suited to large diameter pipelines extending over great distances. It is generally used for the transmission of water over long distances. In the US, onshore and offshore pipelines used to transport oil and gas are regulated by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). Over the past few decades, the energy demand has. The Enbridge Line 6B crude oil pipeline failure in Marshall, Michigan on July 25, 2010 was thought by operators in Edmonton to be from column separation of the dilbit in that pipeline. [5] Trucking has even higher costs due to the additional labor required; employment on completed pipelines represents only "1% of that of the trucking industry.". Oil and gas pipelines also figure prominently in the politics of Central Asia and the Caucasus. Watch a short video to learn more about NPMS. What Does EPA Say About Water Contamination? Regardless of the care used in coating and installing buried lines, there will often be small pinholes in the coating. Servicing Sacramento, California and Surrounding Areas. For example, in the State of Washington it is mandatory for pipeline operators to be able to detect and locate leaks of 8 percent of maximum flow within fifteen minutes or less. These types of pipes have been widely used in the past. Comprehensive data summaries, comparisons, analysis, and projections integrated across all energy sources. [51] Whether these adjustments are justified is debatable as these assumptions resulted in a nearly 10-fold decrease in spill estimates. [54] When the aforementioned Enbridge Line 6B crude oil pipeline ruptured in Marshall, Michigan in 2010, at least 843,000 gallons of dilbit were spilled. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1000 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20585, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Buried pipes draw fewer complaints. Read more Test the system for water tightness, identify potential weak points, and monitor pressure levels to maximize performance. [51] Detection, shutoff, and remediation procedures would limit the dissolution and transport of benzene. Russian state-owned gas company Gazprom cut off natural gas supplies to Ukraine after talks between it and the Ukrainian government fell through. RPCO possesses training, staffing and coordination abilities to handle large and complex linear projects such as FERC-regulated pipelines. [9] From a presently rated 250,000 barrels equivalent per day pipeline, it will be expanded to between 1.0 and 1.3 million barrels per day. All rights reserved. Because the solvent fraction of dilbit typically comprises volatile aromatics like naptha and benzene, reasonably rapid carrier vaporization can be expected to follow an above-ground spillostensibly enabling timely intervention by leaving only a viscous residue that is slow to migrate. In 1994, the milk transport was abandoned.[36]. A three-kilometer beer pipeline was completed in Bruges, Belgium in September 2016 to reduce truck traffic on the city streets. Pooled petroleum is unambiguous, readily spotted, and indicates the location of required repairs. Higher prices gave natural gas producers an incentive to expand development of existing fields and to begin exploration of previously undeveloped natural gas fields. Water purification, icon set. Because success or failure cannot be determined for an extended time after installation, usually years, attention should be paid to: Cathodic protection (CP) can be roughly defined as retarding or preventing the corrosion of a metal by imposing an electrical current flowing to the metal through an electrolyte. Exactly where they are needed. The efficient use of public lands for common utilities offers many advantages when it comes to planning and routing of both overhead and underground services. Our potholing services will survey your property to identify the most likely location for your underground utility lines, then dig a test hole to expose your pipelines. The distance from the biggest oil patch in North Dakota, in Williston, North Dakota, is only about 85 miles or 137 kilometers to the CanadaUS border and Manitoba. Pipeline companies face government regulation, environmental constraints and social situations. Pipelines are generally developed and built using the following stages: Russia has "Pipeline Troops" as part of the Rear Services, who are trained to build and repair pipelines. The planning, development, and operation of underground space and underground space environments, such as architecture, safety and comfort, and human-space interaction. They are used to transport wastewater which is composed of a high percentage of water and a small percentage of solid wastes. Airgas Merchant Gas Kalama. NARUC and our colleagues at the National Association of Pipeline Safety Representatives are pleased to release anupdated compendiumof gas pipeline regulations around the country revealing that States implement stricter rules and laws than required by the federal government. Underground PipingVarious Analysis methods for Underground Piping Using Caesar IICathodic Protection Basic Principles and Practices, Ankur Srivastava is a Chemical Engineer with 35 years of process engineering experience in oil and gas, refining, polymers, and petrochemical industries. Sizes? A pipeline is a system of pipes designed to carry fluids such as oil, natural gas, or other petroleum-based products over long distances, often underground. Added to that, their light weight makes it easy for the workers to lay and align as per the need. Propane can be used as a fuel in oil fields to heat various facilities used by the oil drillers or equipment and trucks used in the oil patch. In 2021, this natural gas transportation network delivered about 27.6 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas to about 77.7 million consumers. These increases in production contributed to general declines in natural gas prices since 2009, which in turn contributed to increases in demand for natural gas for electricity generation and by industry. This allows the Bakken Basin and Three Forks oil producers to get higher negotiated prices for their oil because they will not be restricted to just one wholesale market in the US. Consequently, new transmission pipelines were constructed and others are being built to link the expanded and new production sources to more consumers around the country, most notably in the Northeast. With regard to Underground Gas Storage Facilities, the PIPES Act of 2016 (the Act) amends 49 U.S.C. The main advantages of these systems are - saving of land, elimination of seepage losses, and relatively little maintenance need. Certain offshore pipelines used to produce oil and gas are regulated by the Minerals Management Service (MMS). If you need help locating your underground facilities, pipelines, and other utilities, Summit Pipelines has the perfect solution. Heat transfer oils are generally not used for economic and ecological reasons. An oil pipeline in Alaska. More than 190,000 miles of liquid petroleum pipelines traverse the United States. Required fields are marked *. The effluent shall be collected from equipment through above ground points into close funnels connected to underground system. Fossil fuels can be transported by pipeline, rail, truck or ship, though natural gas requires compression or liquefaction to make vehicle transport economical. Radar profiles and single-channel waveforms of underground pipelines and oil were obtained. On 26 September 2022, a series of explosions and subsequent major gas leaks occurred on the Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipelines that run to Europe from Russia under the Baltic Sea. In Randers city in Denmark, the so-called Thor Beer pipeline was operated. So be with me for the next couple of years! Pipelines operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Oklahoma Pipeline Awareness Liaison, Inc. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. If you need to learn the buried piping stress analysis basics then click here and join the course, Buried GRP/FRP pipe Laying and Installation ProcedureBasics for Stress Analysis of Underground Piping using Caesar IIUnderground Piping Stress Analysis Procedure using Caesar IIWhat if Piping Continuation is Unknown? We work hard to ensure our staff are duly trained and remain up to date in the latest trends in the industry. In the process piping industry, underground piping falls into one of the following two categories:if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'whatispiping_com-leader-1','ezslot_10',150,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-whatispiping_com-leader-1-0'); All underground pipes are buried with a minimum cover of 500 -1000 mm on top of the pipe known as the minimum depth of cover. [27][28], Examples of significant water pipelines in South Australia are the Morgan-Whyalla pipeline (completed 1944) and Mannum-Adelaide pipeline (completed 1955) pipelines, both part of the larger Snowy Mountains scheme.[29]. In the process piping industry, underground piping falls into one of the following two categories: Process lines & Drain lines (Closed Process drains and Open Gravity Drains). 1. It 2. This water must pass through a treatment facility before being discharged into an uncontaminated system or natural body of water e.g. News 8/11/2022. Fig. Forms EIA uses to collect energy data including descriptions, links to survey instructions, and additional information. Selection of materials for pipes is based on the design of thepipeline, internal and external forces, jointing and laying techniques, durability, impermeability and the frequency ofmaintenance. Russia is the only country to have Pipeline Troops. Every day, 30,000 litres of milk produced on the island were transported to be processed on the mainland. The size of distribution pipes ranges from 12.7 mm to 152.4 mm. Underground gas and oil pipelines eventually reach the end of their service life. Pipelines are safe, efficient and, because most are buried, largely unseen. Pipelines for centralized heating systems are often laid on the ground or overhead. Needham, Joseph (1986). [14] These devices are launched from pig-launcher stations and travel through the pipeline to be received at any other station down-stream, either cleaning wax deposits and material that may have accumulated inside the line or inspecting and recording the condition of the line. Cast iron pipes are mostly produced from gray cast iron for which coatings and linings are applied so as to improve corrosion resistance. The resulting carbon dioxide will be channelled through an underground pipeline 80km (50 miles) long and injected into a layer of limestone and salty water 2km undergroud. Horizontal directional drilling rigs are mechanical equipment that lays underground pipelines without the need to excavate the ground. Pipeline design: The pipeline project may take a number of forms, including the construction of a new pipeline, conversion of existing pipeline from one fuel type to another, or improvements to facilities on a current pipeline route. These pipes can be manufactured from concrete, PVC, cast iron, or clay based on the pressure in the pipe and other conditions. Bicycle transportation planning and engineering, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Learn how and when to remove this template message, a fuel pipeline north of Mexico City exploded, series of explosions and subsequent major gas leaks, List of countries by total length of pipelines, Natural gas pipeline system in the United States, "The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", " The Transportation of Natural Gas NaturalGas.org", "HDPE Pipes and Poly Pipe Fittings | Polyethylene Pipe Systems", "Pick Your Poison For Crude -- Pipeline, Rail, Truck Or Boat", "Line 9: Journey along the pipeline | Toronto Star", "Natural gas and CO2 price variation: Impact on the relative cost-efficiency of LNG and pipelines", "Oil & Gas Pipeline Construction in the U.S.: Market Research Report, "2012 Worldwide Pipeline Construction Report, "Ethanol makers consider coast-to-coast pipeline", "Ethanol pipeline places the cart before the horse", "The Savage River Slurry Pipeline The Australian Pipeliner", "Savage River Pipeline Bridge Highestbridges.com", "Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines", "DOE Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group Workshop", "The Technological Steps of Hydrogen Introduction", "GMR (Great Man-Made River) Water Supply Project, Libya", Andreas Oberhammer; The longest heat transfer pipeline in Austria, "Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate", Amelandse melk niet meer door Waddenzeepijp, "Natural Gas Pipeline Development and Expansion, "Russlands Militr bt fr mglichen US-Angriff auf Iran", Interstate Natural Gas Association website, "Basic Information about Benzene in Drinking Water", "The single exposure carcinogen database: assessing the circumstances under which a single exposure to a carcinogen can cause cancer", "Characterizing Risks to Livestock from Petroleum Hydrocarbons", "Analysis of Frequency, Magnitude and Consequence of Worst-Case Spills From the Proposed Keystone XL Pipeline", "Potential Releases From Project Construction and Operation and Environmental Consequence Analysis", "Environmental Analysis: Water Resources", "Kalamazoo River Spill Yields Record Fine", "More Work Needed to Clean up Enbridge Oil Spill in Kalamazoo River", "Brigham McCown on Oil Pipeline Safety and Energy Infrastructure | C-SPAN.org", "Natchitoches, LA Gas Pipeline Explosion, Mar 1965", "Safety Recommendations P-76-87 through 90", Pipeline Accident Report: Pipeline Rupture and Subsequent Fire in Bellingham, Washington, June 10, 1999, Pipeline Accident Report: Natural Gas Pipeline Rupture and Fire Near Carlsbad, New Mexico, August 19, 2000, "Clarke County Explosion Kills Two, Destroys Homes", Pipeline Accident Report: Rupture of Hazardous Liquid Pipeline With Release and Ignition of Propane, Carmichael, Mississippi, November 1, 2007, Pipeline Accident Report: Pacific Gas and Electric Company Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Rupture and Fire, San Bruno, California, September 9, 2010, "Breaking News, India, World, Bollywood, Sports, Business, Technology", "Taiwan explosions probe focuses on petrochem firm", "Terrorist threats to energy infrastructure in North Africa", "Mexico Explosion Kills 66 After Thieves Rupture Pipeline", "Sweden and Denmark say Nord Stream pipeline blasts were deliberate attacks", "CIA warned Berlin about possible attacks on gas pipelines in summer - Spiegel", "Nord Stream gas 'sabotage': who's being blamed and why?